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BIOL 239 > Mendelian Sets 1-2 > Flashcards

Mendelian Sets 1-2 Flashcards

1
Q

Domestication Syndrome

A

phenotypic traits that develop during domestication

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2
Q

Gregor Mendel

A

Biologist that ran experiments with garden peas

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3
Q

Phenotype

A

Observable characteristic, largely determined by genotype

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4
Q

Genotype

A

Description of genetic information carried by an individual

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5
Q

Pure-breeding/True-Breeding line

A

Offspring that carry constant parental traits (phenotypes) and are homozygous throughout generations

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6
Q

Cross Fertilization

A

when gamates from one individual are used to fertilize another

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7
Q

Reciprocal cross

A

when gamates are fertilized from male to female oppositley

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8
Q

Monohybrid Cross

A

Maiting between individuals that differ by one trait

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9
Q

Parentals are… (vertical breeding experiment)

A

pure breeding (homozygous)

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10
Q

Monohybrids

A

Hybrid individuals for only one trait

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11
Q

Different alleles have…

A

different DNA sequences

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12
Q

Polymorphic gene

A

a gene that has several alleles occuring in a population, more than one one type gene

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13
Q

Monomorphic gene

A

a gene that has multiple alleles but one is most common in a population (others are very rare), only one wild-type gene

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14
Q

Mendel’s Law of Segregation

A

Two alleles for each trait seperate during gamate formation and unite at random, one from each parent at fertilization (1 gene)

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15
Q

Phenotypic Ratio Monohybrid Cross of Complete Dominance

A

3:1

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16
Q

Test Cross

A

an individual with an unknown phenotype is crossed with a known homozygous recessive individual

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17
Q

Test crosses are done when…

A

An individual has an unknown genotype due to a dominant allele and inheritance pattern is known

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18
Q

Law of Product

A

The probability of 2+ independent events occuring together is product of the individual probabilities

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19
Q

Law of Sum

A

Probability of either of 2+ exculsive events occuring is the sum of individual probabilities

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20
Q

Dihybrid

A

Individuals that carry different alleles of two genes

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21
Q

Phenotypic ratio of two genes interacting

A

9:3:3:1

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22
Q

Law of Independent Assortment

A

Dominant and ressecive alleles assort randomly and are not inclined to pair up (2 genes)

23
Q

Genotypic ratios for heterozygous crosses

A

Recessive - 1/4
Hybrid - 1/2
Dominant 1/4

24
Q

Incomplete Dominance

A

Two phenotypes are seen through a mix between the two

25
Q

Codominance

A

Two phenotypes are seen seperately on one inidividual

26
Q

Phenotypic Ratio for Incomplete Dominance (F2)

A

1:2:1

27
Q

Locus

A

location of a gene

28
Q

A diploid species has…

A

2 sets of chromosones

29
Q

Wild-type allele

A

an allele that occurs in a population greater than 1%

30
Q

Mutant allele

A

Occurs in the population less than 1%

31
Q

Pleiotropy

A

A single gene that causes multiple phenotypic effects, can be either reccessive or dominant for multiple traits

32
Q

Reccesive Lethal Allele Phenotypic Ratio

A

2:1
(modification of 3:1)

33
Q

Polygenic

A

two or more genes acting to produce a phenotype

34
Q

Complementary Gene Action

A

Genes that act in the same metabolic biochemical pathway

35
Q

Heterogenous Trait

A

a mutation of more than one gene that produces a single phenotype

36
Q

When two pure-breeding individuals produce a different phenotype…

A

two genes are involved in the phenotype

37
Q

Pheotypic ratio of Complementary Gene Action

A

9:7
(modification of 9:3:3:1)

38
Q

Epistatsis

A

One gene controls another gene

39
Q

Phenotypic Ratio of Reccesive Epistasis

A

9:3:4
(modification of 9:3:3:1)

40
Q

Bombay Allele (hh)

A

An allele that is epistatic reccessive for IA and IB alleles in blood type, expresses Type A and B blood as Type O

41
Q

Phenotypic Ratio of Dominant Epistasis

A

12:3:1
(modification of 12:3:1)

42
Q

Reduced Penetrance

A

When an inidivdual has a gene that is fully expressed

43
Q

Variable expressivity

A

Trait(s) are expressed at different levels

44
Q

Sex-linked traits

A

Traits that occur due to genes on sex chromosones

45
Q

Sex-limited traits

A

a trait that is expressed by exclusively one sex

46
Q

Sex-influenced trait

A

trait that both sexes have but are expressed differentley

47
Q

Conditional lethality

A

An allele that becomes lethal under certain conditions

48
Q

If the inheritance pattern is unknown perform a cross between…

A

2 heterozygotes

49
Q

If the inheritance pattern is known, but genotype is not perform…

A

a test cross between the unknown and a homozygous reccesive

50
Q

Sickle-Cell Diesase is an example of…

A

a single-gene trait (reccesive) in humans resulting from a single nucleotide substitution

51
Q

Albinism

A
51
Q

Albinism

A
52
Q

Huntington Disease

A

Expressed by a dominant trait and has variable expression

BIOL 239 (4 decks)

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