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BIOL 239 > Chromosomes, Mitosis and Meiosis > Flashcards

Chromosomes, Mitosis and Meiosis Flashcards

1
Q

Chromosonal Theory of Inheritance

A
  • hereditary information is found on genes located on chromosones
  • egg and sperm contribute equally to offspring
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2
Q

Male genotype

A

XY

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3
Q

Female genotype

A

XX

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4
Q

XO

A

Turner female

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5
Q

OY

A

lethal

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6
Q

XXX

A

Female

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7
Q

XXY

A

Kleinfleter Male

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8
Q

XYY

A

Male

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9
Q

Sex determination by temperature

A

Incubation temperature can determine sex

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10
Q

Mitosis

A

nuclear division resulting in 2 daughter cells with identical number of chromosones to parents cell - clones

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11
Q

Meiosis

A

nuclear division resulting in egg and sperm with 1/2 chromosone

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12
Q

Sexually Dimorphic

A

Physical differences between sexes

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13
Q

Homologous Pair

A

Chromosones that look the same

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14
Q

Chromatid

A
  • single DNA molecule composed of two strands
  • duplicates during division
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15
Q

Centromere

A
  • Midpoint on a chromatid/chromosone
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16
Q

Haploid has…

A

one copy of each chromosone

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17
Q

Diploid has…

A

two sets of chromosomes

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18
Q

Chromosones are seen as X-shaped during…

A

metaphase

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19
Q

Sister chromatids have ________ alleles

A

identical

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20
Q

Homologus chromosones have the same ________ but different _________

A

same genes, different alleles

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21
Q

How many chromatids in a human karyotype?

A

92 (2 per chromosone)

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22
Q

How many chromosomes in a human karyotype?

A

46

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23
Q

How many non-homologus chromosones in a human karyotype?

A

23

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24
Q

Trisomy

A

extra chromosone (total 3)

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25
Q

________ chromosones can produce abnormalities that are more detrimental

A

larger

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26
Q

Mitosis is a ________ cell process

A

eukaryotic

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27
Q

Order of the cell cycle

A
  • G1: interphase before duplication
  • S: Chromosone duplication
  • G2: interphase after duplication
  • Mitosis
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28
Q

G1

A
  • cells produce prodcuts specific to their role
  • if cells do not divide will enter G0
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29
Q

S Phase

A

Chromosones duplicate to form sister chromatids

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30
Q

G2

A

Cell synthesizes protiens for mitosis

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31
Q

Prophase

A
  • Centrioles duplicate to organize microtubules
  • Nuclear membrane breaks down so fibers can connect to microtubules
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32
Q

Metaphase

A

Chromosones line up in the middle of cell

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33
Q

Anaphase

A

Sister chromatids seperate and move to opposite poles, known as disjunction

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34
Q

Telophase

A

nuclear membrane reforms and cytoplasm divides

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35
Q

Somatic Cells

A

dipoloid cells that divide through mitosis or are G-Arrested (G0)

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36
Q

Germ Cells

A

diploid cells that divide through meiosis to produce eggs and sperm

37
Q

Meiosis 1

A

seperation of chromosone pairs
(diploid to haploid)

38
Q

Meiosis 2

A

seperation of sister chromatids

39
Q

5 substages of prophase 1

A

leptotene, zygotene, pachytene, diplotene, diakinesis

40
Q

Leptotene

A
  • chromosones duplicate and condense
41
Q

Zygotene

A

homologous pairs find each other and “zipper” together through synapsis

42
Q

Pachytene

A

genetic information crosses over between non-sister chromatids between homologus pairs

43
Q

Diplotene

A

“zipper” dissolves and crossed-over patches are visible

44
Q

Diakinesis

A

chromatids condense, nuclear membrane breaks down

45
Q

Metaphase 1

A

tetrads line up along middle of cell fibers attatch to chromosomes

46
Q

Telophase 1

A

one diploid cell divides into two haploid cells

47
Q

Prophase 2

A

Fibers attatch to sister chromatids

48
Q

Metaphase 2

A

Chromosones align in middle

49
Q

Anaphase

A

sister chromatids seperate

50
Q

Telophase

A

2 haploid cells divide into 4 haploid cells (gamates)

51
Q

Thomas Morgan

A
  • found a mutant white-eyed male fly among wild type red-eyed males
  • performed breeding experiments and found that eye colour is X-linked
  • experiments had abonormailities due to non-disjunction
52
Q

Hemizygous

A

refers to XY allele

53
Q

Criss-cross Inheritance

A
  • observed for X-linked reccessive traits
  • cross between mutant female and wildtype male
  • resuluts in mutant males and wildtype females
54
Q

X-linked dominant trait

A

males will always pass to daughters

55
Q

Multiple Alleles

A

two or more versions of the same gene in a populaiton

56
Q

Aneuploidy

A

a loss or gain of chromosones

57
Q

Monosomic

A

loss of a chromosone, generally lethal

58
Q

Trisomic

A

gain of a chromosome, not always lethal, deleterious

59
Q

Non-disjunction in meiosis 1

A
  • all gamates are abnormal
  • 2 with extra chromatid (2)
  • 2 with no chromatids (0)
60
Q

Non-disjunction in meiosis 2

A
  • 2 normal cells (1 each)
  • 1 cell with extra chromatid (2)
  • 1 cell with no chromatid (0)
61
Q

Gene dosage

A

number of copies of a gene present in a cell

62
Q

X-inactivation

A
  • expression of x-linked genes on all but one x chromosone in somatic cells
  • all cell’s descendants will have that x allele turned off
63
Q

XXX

A

normal, fertile female (x-inactivation)

64
Q

XYY

A

normal, fertile male

65
Q

XO

A

Turner syndrome, abnormal infertile male

66
Q

XXY

A

Klinefelter Syndrome, abnormal infertile male

67
Q

Mitotic Nondisjunction

A
  • 1 trisomic cell
  • 1 monosomic cell
  • can result in 3 different chromosone counts
68
Q

Chromosone loss

A
  • 1 monosomic cell
  • 1 normal cell
  • results in Turner syndrome
69
Q

Triploid Cells

A
  • can be viable, but not usually fertile
70
Q

parental phenotype

A

has the phenotype of the parental generation

71
Q

linked genes

A
  • genes that occur on the same chromosome
  • will see abnormal phenotype ratio
72
Q

Parentals must be…

A

homozygous of antagonistic traits

73
Q

F1 generation must be…

A

heterozygous

74
Q

F2 generation tells us…

A

which are recominant or parental class

75
Q

Null Hypothesis

A

Assumes no linkage

76
Q

If the chi square test data differ from expected ratios…

A

the genes are linked

77
Q

How can you tell if genes are linked based on the F2 generation?

A

the amount of each genotypes are all over the place

78
Q

Chi Square Formula

A

x^2 = (observed-expected)^2/expected

79
Q

Degrees of Freedom

A

number of phenotypic classes -1

80
Q

If the p value is greater than 0.05…

A

cannot reject null hypothesis,
genes are not linked

81
Q

If the p value is 0.05 or less…

A

reject null hypothesis,
genes are linked

82
Q

Accuracy of
recombination frequencies vs. map distance

A

map distance is more accurante

83
Q

Double cross overs look like…

A

parentals

84
Q

Region 1

A

larger distance between two genes, higher crossover probability

85
Q

Region 2

A

smaller distance between two genes,
less likely cross-over

86
Q

Mapping distance of furthest genes

A

SCOI (2) + SCOII (2) + DCO twice (4) / Total

87
Q

Mapping distance of second genes

A

SCOI (2) + DCO (2) / Total

88
Q

Mapping distance of closest genes

A

SCOII (2) + DCO (2) / Total

89
Q

Determining the middle gene

A
  • compare a parental and DCO
  • pick the odd gene out

BIOL 239 (4 decks)

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