MENDELIAN GENETICS Flashcards

PART 1 AND 2

1
Q
  • Gregor Johann Mendel
  • 1866
  • major postulates of transmission genetics
  • garden pea (Pisum sativum)
  • discrete units of inheritance exist and predicted their behavior during the formation of gametes (elementen)
  • Mendel’s postulates were accepted as the basis for the study of what is known as transmission genetics.
A

MENDELIAN GENETICS

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2
Q
  • easy to grow and hybridize
    artificially
  • self-fertilizing in nature
  • seven visible features (unit characters), each represented by two contrasting forms, or traits
  • Character: stem height: traits: tall and dwarf
  • He selected six other visibly contrasting pairs of traits involving seed shape and color, pod shape and color, and pod and flower arrangement.
A

GARDEN PEA

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3
Q

Mendel’s simplest crosses involved only one pair of contrasting traits from two parent strains, each exhibiting one of the two contrasting forms of the character under study

A

MONOHYBRID CROSS

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4
Q

Offspring of self-fertilizing individuals

A

SELFING

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5
Q

MENDELIANS’ FIRST THREE POSTULATES:
Genetic characters are controlled by unit factors that exist in pairs in individual organisms.

A

UNIT FACTORS IN PAIRS

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6
Q

MENDELIANS’ FIRST THREE POSTULATES:
When two unlike unit factors responsible for a single character are present in a single individual, one unit factor is dominant to the other, which is said to be recessive.

A

DOMINANCE/RECESSIVENESS

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7
Q

MENDELIANS’ FIRST THREE POSTULATES:
During the formation of gametes, the paired unit factors separate or segregate randomly so that each gamete receives one or the other with equal likelihood.

A

SEGREGATION

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8
Q

MODERN GENETIC TERMINOLOGY:
The physical appearance of a trait is the ____ of the individual.

A

PHENOTYPE

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9
Q

MODERN GENETIC TERMINOLOGY:
Mendel’s unit factors represent units of inheritance called ___ by modern geneticists.

A

GENES

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10
Q

MODERN GENETIC TERMINOLOGY:
The phenotype is determined by alternative forms of a single gene called

A

ALLELES

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11
Q

MODERN GENETIC TERMINOLOGY:
When alleles are written in pairs to represent the two unit factors (DD, Dd, or dd), these symbols are called the ____.

A

GENOTYPE

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12
Q

MODERN GENETIC TERMINOLOGY:
When both alleles are the same (DD or dd), the individual is _____ or a ______.

A

HOMOZYGOUS OR A HOMOZYGOTE

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13
Q

MODERN GENETIC TERMINOLOGY:
When the alleles are different (Dd), we use the term ____ or a ____.

A

HETEROZYGOUS OR A HETEROZYGOTE

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14
Q

TERMINOLOGIES:
The genetic constitution of a individual (PP, Pp, pp)

A

GENOTYPE

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15
Q

TERMINOLOGIES:
The outward appearance of an individual (purple, white)

A

PHENOTYPE

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16
Q

TERMINOLOGIES:
The phenotype seen when two alternative alleles are present together (Pp: purple)

A

DOMINANT PHENOTYPE

17
Q

TERMINOLOGIES:
The form of the gene that is expressed when two alternative alleles are present together (P>p)

A

DOMINANT ALLELE

18
Q

TERMINOLOGIES:
The form of the gene that is not expressed when two alternative alleles are present together.

A

RECESSIVE ALLELE

19
Q

TERMINOLOGIES:
The phenotype that is only seen when two identical alleles are found together (pp: white)

A

RECESSIVE PHENOTYPE

20
Q

TERMINOLOGIES:
having two identical alleles (PP or pp)

A

HOMOZYGOUS

21
Q

TERMINOLOGIES:
having two different alleles (Pp)

A

HETEROZYGOUS

22
Q

Punnett square was named after

A

Reginald C. Punnett

23
Q

PUNNETT SQUARES:
The vertical column represents those of the ___ parent

A

FEMALE

24
Q

PUNNETT SQUARES:
The horizontal row represents those of the ___ parent.

A

MALE

25
Q

PUNNETT SQUARES:
The process thus lists all possible

A

RANDOM FERTILIZATION EVENTS

26
Q

PUNNETT SQUARES:
The genotypes and phenotypes of all potential offspring are

A

ASCERTAINED

27
Q

THE TESTCROSS: ONE CHARACTER
A test cross resulting in all dominant offspring indicates that the parent is ____

A

HOMOZYGOUS DOMINANT

28
Q

THE TESTCROSS: ONE CHARACTER:
A test cross resulting in a 1:1 ratio of yellow to green offspring indicates that the parent is _____

A

HETEROZYGOUS

29
Q

To distinguish the genotype, Mendel devised the _____.

The organism expressing
the dominant phenotype,
but of unknown genotype, is crossed to a known homozygous
recessive individual.

A

TESTCROSS METHOD

30
Q

Such a cross, involving two pairs of contrasting traits, is a

A

DIHYBRID CROSS OR TWO-FACTOR CROSS

31
Q

On the basis of similar results in numerous dihybrid crosses, Mendel proposed a fourth postulate called

This postulate stipulates that segregation of any pair of unit factors occurs independently of all others. As a result of random segregation, each gamete receives one member of every pair of unit factors.

All possible combinations of gametes are formed in equal frequency

A

INDEPENDENT ASSORTMENT

32
Q

Three pairs of contrasting traits, in what is called a

When F1 individuals serve as parents, each produces eight different gametes in equal frequencies

At this point, we could construct a Punnett square with 64 separate boxes and read out the phenotypes

A

TRIHYBRID CROSS OR THREE-FACTOR CROSS

33
Q

Such a family tree is called a

Forked-Line Method or Branch Diagram

A

PEDIGREE

34
Q

Fraternal twins or also known as

A

DIZYGOTIC TWINS (sex may be the same or different)

35
Q

Identical twins or also known as

A

MONOZYGOTIC TWINS (sex may be the same)

36
Q
A