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Bio 12-1 > Mendelian Genetics > Flashcards

Mendelian Genetics Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is common ancestry?

A

The concept that all living organisms share a common genetic heritage.

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2
Q

What do DNA and RNA carry?

A

Genetic information.

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3
Q

Who studied inheritance and created two laws applicable to genetics?

A

Gregor Mendel.

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4
Q

Why did Mendel choose pea plants for his experiments?

A

Many varieties, controlled mating, relatively short generation time.

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5
Q

What are the two distinct forms of traits tracked by Mendel?

A

Examples include color (purple or white) and seed shape (round or wrinkled).

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6
Q

What are true breeding plants?

A

Organisms that produce offspring of the same variety over many generations of self-pollination.

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7
Q

What does the P generation refer to?

A

The true-breeding parental generation.

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8
Q

What does the F1 generation represent?

A

The first filial hybrid offspring of the P generation.

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9
Q

What is a Punnett square?

A

A diagram used to predict the allele combinations of offspring from a known genetic cross.

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10
Q

In genetics, what do capital letters denote?

A

Dominant traits.

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11
Q

In genetics, what do lower case letters denote?

A

Recessive traits.

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12
Q

Define homozygous.

A

An organism that has a pair of identical alleles for a character.

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13
Q

What is the difference between homozygous dominant and homozygous recessive?

A

Homozygous dominant: AA; Homozygous recessive: aa.

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14
Q

Define heterozygous.

A

An organism that has two different alleles for a gene.

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15
Q

What is a genotype?

A

The genetic makeup (alleles) of an organism.

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16
Q

What is a phenotype?

A

An organism’s appearance, determined by the genotype.

17
Q

What is a testcross used for?

A

To determine if a dominant trait is homozygous dominant or heterozygous.

18
Q

What are the two fundamental principles of heredity discovered by Mendel?

A

The law of segregation and the law of independent assortment.

19
Q

What happens when a purple and white true breeding pea plant are crossed?

A

Only purple F1 offspring are produced.

20
Q

Did the white flower characteristic disappear in Mendel’s experiments?

A

No, it reappeared in the F2 generation.

21
Q

What is the dominant trait in Mendel’s flower color experiments?

A

Purple flower color.

22
Q

What was the observed phenotypic ratio in the F2 generation?

A

A 3:1 ratio.

23
Q

What are alleles?

A

Alternative versions of genes that account for variations in inherited characteristics.

24
Q

What does the law of segregation state?

A

The two alleles for the same trait separate during gamete formation.

25
Q

What are somatic cells?

A

Diploid cells containing two copies of each chromosome.

26
Q

What is a monohybrid cross?

A

A cross between two individuals that differ in one trait.

27
Q

What is a dihybrid cross?

A

A cross between individuals that differ in two traits.

28
Q

What is the law of independent assortment?

A

Genes for one trait are not inherited with genes for another trait.

29
Q

What is the phenotypic ratio produced from a dihybrid cross?

A

A 9:3:3:1 ratio.

30
Q

What is the multiplication rule in genetics?

A

The probability that two or more independent events will occur together in a specific combination.

31
Q

What is the addition rule in genetics?

A

The probability that two or more mutually exclusive events will occur.

32
Q

What are pedigrees?

A

Family trees that visually represent inheritance patterns of particular traits.

33
Q

In reading pedigrees, what does a horizontal line represent?

A

A connection between parents.

34
Q

In reading pedigrees, what does a vertical line represent?

A

A connection to children.

35
Q

If a trait is dominant, what can be inferred about the parents?

A

At least one parent must have the trait.

36
Q

True or False: Dominant traits can skip generations.

A

False.

37
Q

What is the probability of having 3 girls in a row if the chance of having a girl is 1/2?

A

1/8.

38
Q

What is the probability of the offspring being AaBbcc in the cross AABBCc x AaBbCc?

A

1/16.

Bio 12-1 (6 decks)

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