Mendel and Genetic Inheritance Flashcards
Codon
A sequence of three nucleotides of DNA or RNA sequence which
encode for a particular amino acid
What are the Start Codons in mRNA?
AUG
What does AUG code for?
methionine (Met)
What sequences signal the codon to stop?
UAA, UAG and UGA
Degeneracy of Codons
The redundancy of the genetic code, shown through
the multiplicity of three-base pair codon combinations which allow for an amino acid to be made from different sequences.
Remember protein structure and function
Altering a codon -> Alters amino acid -> Alters primary structure -> Alters
structure of protein -> Alters functionality of protein
Missense Mutation
A single nucleotide change within a sense codon that causes a change of amino acid - which changes structure of protein (sickle Cell)
Four types of base pair substitution mutations affect what?
Protein coding genes
Silent Mutation
When mutation doesn’t affect the protein at all because the mutation codes for the same amino acid
Nonsense Mutation
Adding a nucleotide that then codes for a STOP codon
Frameshift Mutation
The insertion or deletion of nucleotide bases in numbers that aren’t multiples of three
Insertion Sequences
small pieces of DNA which move within or between genomes using their own specialized recombination systems - bacterial
Two ways to transpose:
Cut-and-paste and Copy-and-paste
Retrotransposon
Copy and Paste: DNA is turned into RNA, then back to DNA, and inserted into the genome - Eukaryote
Bacterial Transposons:
used to introduce a piece of foreign DNA into a genome
Has an inverted repeat sequence at each end enclosing a central region with one or more genes
Phenotype:
observable trait
Diploids are:
organisms that contain two copies osf each gene
Genotype:
the alleles of the gene that ode for the phenotype
Alleles
different versions of a gene that produce different traits
Recessive allele
- Allele that gets masked when in the presence of the dominant allele
- Is only phenotypically expressed in the absence of a dominant allele
Dominant Allele
Allele that masks the presentation of the other allele
Homozygous
Consists of two copies of the same allele
Heterozygous
Consists of different alleles
Pure line
Individuals of the same phenotype that when crossed produce offspring
with the same phenotype
