Mendel and Genetic Inheritance

Question 1

Codon

Answer 1

A sequence of three nucleotides of DNA or RNA sequence which
encode for a particular amino acid

Question 2

What are the Start Codons in mRNA?

Answer 2

AUG

Question 3

What does AUG code for?

Answer 3

methionine (Met)

Question 4

What sequences signal the codon to stop?

Answer 4

UAA, UAG and UGA

Question 5

Degeneracy of Codons

Answer 5

The redundancy of the genetic code, shown through
the multiplicity of three-base pair codon combinations which allow for an amino acid to be made from different sequences.

Question 5

Remember protein structure and function

Answer 5

Altering a codon -> Alters amino acid -> Alters primary structure -> Alters
structure of protein -> Alters functionality of protein

Question 6

Missense Mutation

Answer 6

A single nucleotide change within a sense codon that causes a change of amino acid - which changes structure of protein (sickle Cell)

Question 7

Four types of base pair substitution mutations affect what?

Answer 7

Protein coding genes

Question 8

Silent Mutation

Answer 8

When mutation doesn’t affect the protein at all because the mutation codes for the same amino acid

Question 8

Nonsense Mutation

Answer 8

Adding a nucleotide that then codes for a STOP codon

Question 9

Frameshift Mutation

Answer 9

The insertion or deletion of nucleotide bases in numbers that aren’t multiples of three

Question 10

Insertion Sequences

Answer 10

small pieces of DNA which move within or between genomes using their own specialized recombination systems - bacterial

Question 10

Two ways to transpose:

Answer 10

Cut-and-paste and Copy-and-paste

Question 11

Retrotransposon

Answer 11

Copy and Paste: DNA is turned into RNA, then back to DNA, and inserted into the genome - Eukaryote

Question 12

Bacterial Transposons:

Answer 12

used to introduce a piece of foreign DNA into a genome

Has an inverted repeat sequence at each end enclosing a central region with one or more genes

Question 13

Phenotype:

Answer 13

observable trait

Question 13

Diploids are:

Answer 13

organisms that contain two copies osf each gene

Question 14

Genotype:

Answer 14

the alleles of the gene that ode for the phenotype

Question 15

Alleles

Answer 15

different versions of a gene that produce different traits

Question 16

Recessive allele

Answer 16

• Allele that gets masked when in the presence of the dominant allele
• Is only phenotypically expressed in the absence of a dominant allele

Question 17

Dominant Allele

Answer 17

Allele that masks the presentation of the other allele

Question 18

Homozygous

Answer 18

Consists of two copies of the same allele

Question 19

Heterozygous

Answer 19

Consists of different alleles

Question 20

Pure line

Answer 20

Individuals of the same phenotype that when crossed produce offspring
with the same phenotype

Question 21

Hybrid

Answer 21

Heterozygous parents with different genotypes (one dominant, one
recessive) produce offspring with different genotypes from them (heterozygous)

Question 21

True Breeding

Answer 21

Passed traits without change from one generation to the next

Question 22

Mendel preformed a Reciprocal Cross:

Answer 22

male and female phenotypes were switched to compare to the previous cross

Question 23

P generation

Answer 23

These are the Parents
one purple flower, one white flower

Question 24

Offspring of F1 Generation is known as what?

Answer 24

F2 generation
Mendel Observed 3:1 ratio of purple to white flowers

Question 24

Offspring of the P generation is knowns as what ?

Answer 24

F1 Generation
100% purple phenotype (dominant allele)

Question 25

Mendel’s 1st conclusion:

Answer 25

Adult plants carry a pair of alleles that govern the inheritance of each trait

Question 26

Monohybrid Cross

Answer 26

Cross peas that are heterozygous for seed color (Yy)
75% yellow

Question 26

Mendel’s 2nd conclusion

Answer 26

If the pair of alleles are different, one is dominant and one is
recessive

Question 27

Mendel’s Conclusion 3: Principle of Segregation

Answer 27

Pairs of alleles separate as gametes
are formed; half the gametes carry one allele, half carry the other

Punnett Square

Question 28

Dihybrid Cross

Answer 28

Crossing from both round yellow and green as well as wrinkled yellow and green

Question 29

Principle of Independent Assortment -

Answer 29

Alleles of different traits are inherited independently of one another

Shown by the Dihybrid Cross: meaning that the color doesn’t determine the roundess - vice versa

Question 30

Test Cross: Mendel’s checking validity of his experiment

Answer 30

Using a homozygous recessive individual and an individual with dominant phenotype but unknown genotype

You can tell their genotype by the offspring, if the genotype of the unknown is homozygous dominant, than 100% of the outcomes will be yellow, if they’re heterozygous - then it’ll be 50 50

Question 31

Chromosome Theory of Inheritance

Answer 31

genes and alleles are carried on the
chromosomes

Question 32

Locus

Answer 32

site of a particular gene on a chromosome

Question 33

Linkage

Answer 33

Tendency of alleles to be inherited together because they are close to each other on the chromosome

Question 34

Incomplete Dominance

Answer 34

Heterozygotes have an intermediate
phenotype
RR = red petal
rr = white petal
Rr = pink petal

Question 35

Transposable Elements

Answer 35

Segments of DNA which can move from one place to another within a cell’s genome

Question 36

Transposition

Answer 36

Genetic recombination in which the target site is not the same as the where the transposable element “should” go

Allow for changes in phenotype