Men's Health Flashcards
What is phimosis?
When the foreskin cannot be fully retracted in an adult, physiological phimosis is normal up until adolescence.
What is paraphimosis?
When the foreskin can be retracted but can’t be pulled back over the glans, can cause painful constriction of the glans.
Name some causes of paraphimosis.
- phimosis
- penile cancer
- catheterisation (especially in elderly)
What is balanitis?
Inflammation of the glans, can be caused by phimosis or paraphimosis.
What type of cancer is penile cancer?
Squamous cell carcinoma
State some consequences of phimosis.
- pain, splitting or bleeding on intercourse
- balanitis (inflammation of glans)
- posthitis (inflammation of foreskin)
- balanitis xerotica obliterans (BXO, scarring of foreskin)
- paraphimosis
- penile cancer
- increased risk of STDs due to poor hygeine
- urinary retention
What is smegma?
Sebaceous secretions under the fold of the foreskin.
What strains of the HPV virus increase the risk of penile and cervical cancer?
HPV 16+18
What is balanitis xerotica obliterans?
Scarring of the foreskin, can be caused by phimosis or paraphimosis.
List some reasons for circumcision.
- religious practice
- recurrent balanitis
- phimosis
- recurrent paraphimosis
- penile cancer
- balanitis xerotica obliterans
Name some causes of acute scrotal pain.
- testicular torsion
- ureteric calculi - can get referred pain to the testes
- epididymo-orchitis (inflammation of epididymis and testes)
- trauma
What is Founier’s gangrene?
Rare condition where area of scrotal skin becomes necrotic due to an anaerobic infection - emergency debridement is needed and ABX treatment - can be fatal.
Name some risk factors for epididymo-orchitis.
- STI (especially chlamydia)
- UTI (especially E.coli)
- mumps
- recent catheter insertion
If someone has a scrotal lump that fluctuates and illuminates, what is it likely to be?
Hydrocoele, collection of fluid in the tunica vaginalis.
If someone has a scrotal lump that you can’t get above, what is it likely to be?
Inguinal hernia