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GIGU & Men’s Health > Men’s Health > Flashcards

Men’s Health Flashcards

1
Q

Lies just under the bladder and surrounds urethra (Walnut size in young men and enlarges with age)

A

Prostate

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2
Q

Puberty is boys begins as early as ___ & may continue until ___

A

9; 16

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3
Q

Gradual decrease in testosterone levels thaat occurs with aging

A

Andropause

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4
Q

Testosterone starts to naturally decrease around ___

A

30

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5
Q

Aging of the Male Reproductive System: Physical Sx

A

– Decreased: Muscular strength/mass & bone density
– Increased body fat
– Fatigue and anemia

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6
Q

Aging of Male Reproductive System: Emotional Sx

A

– Decreased motivation and mood
– Decreased mental sharpness and acuity
– Low energy
– Difficulty concentrating

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7
Q

Aging of the Male Reproductive System: Sexual Sx

A

– Reduced libido
– Difficulty getting or keeping an erection
–Loss of pubic or underarm hair
– Small or shrinking testes

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8
Q

Low Testosterone: Causes other than age

A

• Chronic liver & kidney disease
• Alcoholism
• Diabetes
• COPD & other lung disease
• Pituitary gland issues
• Mumps
• Genetic conditions: Undescended testicles & Klinefelter’s syndrome
• Physical injuries to testicles
• Obesity • Stress
• Cancer treatment
• Medications: Opioids, steroids

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9
Q

Enlargement of breasts in males

A

Gynecomastia

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10
Q

Gynecomastia: Physiological vs. Pathological

A

-Physiological: Infants/boys (normal), men >50
-Pathological: Drugs, idiopathic, persistent pubertal

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11
Q

Male Breast Cancer: Symptoms

A

– Painless lump or thickening,
– Skin changes: dimpling, puckering, redness, scaling
– Nipple changes: redness, scaling, inward nipple,discharge

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12
Q

Gynecomastia and Breast Cancer: Red Flags

A

Recent onset of:
-Painful, tender, testicular mass
-Eccentric swelling
-Nipple discharge

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13
Q

Gynecomastia & Breast Cancer: Exam

A

• Look for:
-Consistency, fixation to skin
-Dimpling
-Nipple retraction
-Lymph node enlargement

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14
Q

UTIs in males are uncommon under ___

A

50

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15
Q

UTI (Males): Common Causes

A

– Prostate issues (BPH, prostatitis)
– Urethra issues: strictures, urethritis, catherizations
– Testicular issues: epididymitis, orchitis
– Kidney issues: pyelonephritis
– Other: STI, can’t empty bladder fully, DM

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16
Q

Factors that can affect Testosterone changes in a Male

A

-Alcoholism
-Chronic Liver & Kidney Disease
-Genetic Conditions (Kleinfelter’s Syndrome & undescended testicles)
-Diabetes
-COPD/lung disease
-Pituitary gland issues
-Mumps
-Physical injuries to testicles
-Obesity
-Stress
-Cancer treatment
-Medications (opioids/steroids)

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17
Q

Physiological vs. Pathological Gynecomastia

A

-Physiological: Infants/Boys (6 months-2 years)
-Pathological: Drugs, Idiopathic, Prolonged Puberty

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18
Q

Causes of Urethritis

A

-Causes: Bacteria from STI (Gonorrhea, Chlamydia)

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19
Q

Complications of Urethritis

A

-Can cause urethral scarring & stricture
-May spread into bladder
-May spread into the gender organs (Men: Epididymitis)

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20
Q

Balanitis

A

Acute inlammation of the glans;

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21
Q

Causes of Balanitis & inflammatory conditions of penis

A

Causes: Fungal/bacterial infection, trauma, allergy, STD

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22
Q

Posthitis

A

Inlammation of the foreskin

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23
Q

Balanoposthitis

A

Inlammation of both the glans & foreskin

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24
Q

-Balanitis xerotica obliterans:

A

Chronic inlammation causes skin to harden & turn while - May eventually block low

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25
Phimosis
-Phimosis: Foreskin is tight & can’t be retracted over the glans;
26
Causes of Phimosis
Causes: In Older men-may be caused by prolonged irritation or prolonged balanoposthitis (Normal up to age 5)
27
Paraphimosis
-Paraphimosis: Retracted foreskin cannot be pulled forward to cover glans (glans swells and traps foreskin);
28
Causes of Paraphimosis
Causes: Catheterization or cleaning after medical procedures
29
Urethral Stricture
Urethral Structure-Decrease stream or double stream with mild stricture
30
Cause of Urethral Stricture
-Cause: Typically none but can result from previous injury
31
Peyronie’s Disease
Peyronie’s Disease: Hard cord like ibrotic scar tissue in penis that gives abnormal curvature to penis
32
Causes of Peyronie’s Disease
-Cause: Possible trauma or beta blockers
33
Testicular Cancer
Testicular Cancer: Firm lump or enlarged testes
34
Testicular Cancer: Cause
-Cause unknown, but common in young men ages 15-35
35
Testicular Torsion
Testicular torsion: Twisting of the spermatic cord causing alterations to blood supply
36
Testicular Torsion: Cause
-Causes: 1/3 have had prior testicular pain and may be more common in winter
37
Hernias
Hernias: Protrusion of intestinal contents through acquired or congenital area of weakness or defect in abdominal wall
38
MC Hernia
Inguinal (75%)
39
Indirect Inguinal Hernia
-Indirect inguinal: MC, all ages, both sexes (Often into scrotum; Hernia comes down touches ingertip)
40
Direct Inguinal Hernia
-Direct Inguinal: Less Common (Rarely into scrotum; Hernia bulges anteriorly & pushes side of inger forward)
41
Femoral Hernia
-Femoral: Least common (Never into scrotum; upper thigh next to groin, inguinal canal is empty.
42
Epididymitis
-Epididymitis: Inlammation of epididymis with scrotal pain
43
Epididymitis: Cause
Cause: Bacterial infection due to STI, distal urinary tract obstruction, surgery or catheter, cystitis, prostatitis
44
Orchitis
-Orchitis: Inlammation & infection of testes usually caused by virus
45
Orchitis: MC Cause
MC Cause: Mumps
46
Scrotal Edema
-Scrotal Edema: Retaining large amounts of luid
47
Scrotal Edema: MC Cause
Cause: Right ventricular failure
48
Hydrocele
-Hydrocele: Collection of luid within scrotum
49
Hydrocele: Cause
Causes: Often unknown; May result from epididymitis, cancer etc.
50
Injuries to Penis
-Cuts: Catch on zipper -Urethral Injury: Blunt injury like straddling fence, bike, surgical procedures, deep cuts -Fracture: Excessive bending (emergency procedure) -Severed: Rare recovery of sensation or function (emergency)
51
Testicular Torsion can lead to _____ & testis can die within ______ hours
Acute Ishemia & 6-12 hours
52
Testicular Torsion: Signs & Symptoms
-Rapid onset -Severe, local pain -Nausea & Vomiting -Scrotum: enlarged, red, edema -May have fever & urinary frequency -Absent cremaster relex
53
Testicular Torsion: Management
-Emergency situation -May untwist by rotating it within scrotum -If unsuccessful, immediate surgery
54
Testicular Cancer: Risk Factors
-Risk Factors: Caucasian (especially Scandinavian), history of cryptoorchism, Family Hx Signs/Symptoms
55
Testicular Cancer: Signs & Symptoms
-Firm lump or enlarged testes -Usually painless, but can have a dull ache in abdomen or groin -Sensation of fullness/heaviness
56
With Testicular Cancer, you may have:
-May have: Hydrocele, Acute or chronic epididymitis, Lymph involvement
57
Hernia: Risk Factors
-Heavy lifting -Chronic coughing -Straining with urination -Straining due to chronic constipation -COPD
58
Epididymitis vs. Orchitis: Signs & Symptoms
-Epididymitis: May radiate into the groin, Fever & Chills if severe, urinary symptoms, Hydrocele may occur -Orchitis: Hematuria & ejaculation of blood
59
Epididymitis vs. Orchitis: Cause
-Epididymitis: STI, Distal urinary tract obstruction, surgery or catheter, cystitis or prostatitis -Orchitis: Mumps
60
Spermatocele vs. Varicocele: Signs & Symptoms
-Spermatocele: Mass w/ Palpation & Transiluminates -Varicocele: Feels like a bag of worms, throbbing/aching/sense of fullness that is worse with standing
61
Spermatocele vs. Varicocele: Treatment
-Spermatocele: No treatment: Unless large & bothersome (surgery) -Varicocele: Surgical Correction
62
BPH, Prostatitis, Prostate Cancer: Age
-BPH: >50 yoa -Prostatitis: <50 yoa -Prostate Cancer: >50yoa
63
Decongestants & antihistamines for colds/allergies is contraindicated for which prostate condition?
BPH
64
Prostate Conditions: BPH vs. Prostatitis vs. Prostate Cancer (Signs/Symptoms)
-BPH: Difficulty Initiating, Nocturia, Decreased force/volume -Prostatitis: Bladder/pelvic spasm, Dysuria/Burning, constipation & painful erection/ejaculation -Prostate Cancer: Asymptomatic initially, hematuria, straining, weak/intermittent stream
65
Why is it difficult to diagnose prostate cancer
-PSA may not be elevated in someone with cancer -PSA can be elevated for other reasons like aging, BPH, prostate stimulation, UTI or certain meds
66
STIs
Chlamydia, Syphilis, Chancroid, Granuloma Inguinale
67
STDs
-Genital Warts, Genital Herpes, Scabies
68
Chlamydia Trachomatis: Cause
-STI caused by bacteria -Affects young women mostly
69
Chlamydia: Sx
-Dysuria -Discharge from Penis -Testicular Pain possible
70
Syphilis: Cause
-Bacterial Infection: Treponema pallidum
71
Syphilis: Cause
-Bacterial Infection: Treponema pallidum
72
Syphilis: Stages
Stages: 1st: : Painless ulcer, headaches, malaise 2nd : Non itchy rash 3rd: Little to no symptoms 4th: Neuro/cardiac S/Sx
73
Chanroid: Cause
-Bacterial infection through sexual contact -Caused by bacterium
74
Chancroid: Sx
-Painful ulcer -Well defined borders -Necrotic base -May easily bleed -May have purulent discharge -Tender inguinal lymph nodes
75
Granuloma Inguinale: Cause
-Sexual contact (Klebsiella granulomati)
76
Granuloma Inguinale: Sx
-Painless beefy red nodules -Gradually enlarges -Often affects genitals or anus -Bleeds on contact
77
Genital Warts: Cause
-Caused by human papillomavirus -Risk Factor: Multiple partners
78
Genital Warts: Symptoms
-Painless genital bumps or growths -Can be flat or may “cauliflower” -Itchy -Possible discharge -Often multiple
79
Genital Herpes: Cause
-Caused by herpes simplex virus -Increased risk of HIV
80
Genital Herpes: Symptoms
-Initial Symptom: Genital tingling -Followed by outbreak or eruption of small, painful, fluid filled blisters -Heals with crusting -May have dysuria -Possible urethral discharge -Tender inguinal lymph nodes
81
Scabies: Cause
-Skin infection caused by parasite -Contagious: Spreads quickly though physical contact -Can be sexually transmitted
82
Scabies: Symptoms
-Itching -May see thin burrow tracks from mites
83
How do proteolytics affect the prostate
Breaks down metabolites of estrogen
84
What areas are affected by Scabies?
Buttocks, genitals, nipples, arm pits, wrists & between fingers and toes

GIGU & Men’s Health (7 decks)

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