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GIGU & Men’s Health > Men’s Health > Flashcards

Men’s Health Flashcards

1
Q

Lies just under the bladder and surrounds urethra (Walnut size in young men and enlarges with age)

A

Prostate

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2
Q

Puberty is boys begins as early as ___ & may continue until ___

A

9; 16

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3
Q

Gradual decrease in testosterone levels thaat occurs with aging

A

Andropause

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4
Q

Testosterone starts to naturally decrease around ___

A

30

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5
Q

Aging of the Male Reproductive System: Physical Sx

A

– Decreased: Muscular strength/mass & bone density
– Increased body fat
– Fatigue and anemia

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6
Q

Aging of Male Reproductive System: Emotional Sx

A

– Decreased motivation and mood
– Decreased mental sharpness and acuity
– Low energy
– Difficulty concentrating

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7
Q

Aging of the Male Reproductive System: Sexual Sx

A

– Reduced libido
– Difficulty getting or keeping an erection
–Loss of pubic or underarm hair
– Small or shrinking testes

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8
Q

Low Testosterone: Causes other than age

A

• Chronic liver & kidney disease
• Alcoholism
• Diabetes
• COPD & other lung disease
• Pituitary gland issues
• Mumps
• Genetic conditions: Undescended testicles & Klinefelter’s syndrome
• Physical injuries to testicles
• Obesity • Stress
• Cancer treatment
• Medications: Opioids, steroids

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9
Q

Enlargement of breasts in males

A

Gynecomastia

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10
Q

Gynecomastia: Physiological vs. Pathological

A

-Physiological: Infants/boys (normal), men >50
-Pathological: Drugs, idiopathic, persistent pubertal

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11
Q

Male Breast Cancer: Symptoms

A

– Painless lump or thickening,
– Skin changes: dimpling, puckering, redness, scaling
– Nipple changes: redness, scaling, inward nipple,discharge

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12
Q

Gynecomastia and Breast Cancer: Red Flags

A

Recent onset of:
-Painful, tender, testicular mass
-Eccentric swelling
-Nipple discharge

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13
Q

Gynecomastia & Breast Cancer: Exam

A

• Look for:
-Consistency, fixation to skin
-Dimpling
-Nipple retraction
-Lymph node enlargement

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14
Q

UTIs in males are uncommon under ___

A

50

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15
Q

UTI (Males): Common Causes

A

– Prostate issues (BPH, prostatitis)
– Urethra issues: strictures, urethritis, catherizations
– Testicular issues: epididymitis, orchitis
– Kidney issues: pyelonephritis
– Other: STI, can’t empty bladder fully, DM

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16
Q

Factors that can affect Testosterone changes in a Male

A

-Alcoholism
-Chronic Liver & Kidney Disease
-Genetic Conditions (Kleinfelter’s Syndrome & undescended testicles)
-Diabetes
-COPD/lung disease
-Pituitary gland issues
-Mumps
-Physical injuries to testicles
-Obesity
-Stress
-Cancer treatment
-Medications (opioids/steroids)

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17
Q

Physiological vs. Pathological Gynecomastia

A

-Physiological: Infants/Boys (6 months-2 years)
-Pathological: Drugs, Idiopathic, Prolonged Puberty

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18
Q

Causes of Urethritis

A

-Causes: Bacteria from STI (Gonorrhea, Chlamydia)

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19
Q

Complications of Urethritis

A

-Can cause urethral scarring & stricture
-May spread into bladder
-May spread into the gender organs (Men: Epididymitis)

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20
Q

Balanitis

A

Acute inlammation of the glans;

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21
Q

Causes of Balanitis & inflammatory conditions of penis

A

Causes: Fungal/bacterial infection, trauma, allergy, STD

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22
Q

Posthitis

A

Inlammation of the foreskin

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23
Q

Balanoposthitis

A

Inlammation of both the glans & foreskin

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24
Q

-Balanitis xerotica obliterans:

A

Chronic inlammation causes skin to harden & turn while - May eventually block low

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25
Q

Phimosis

A

-Phimosis: Foreskin is tight & can’t be retracted over the glans;

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26
Q

Causes of Phimosis

A

Causes: In Older men-may be caused by prolonged irritation or prolonged balanoposthitis (Normal up to age 5)

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27
Q

Paraphimosis

A

-Paraphimosis: Retracted foreskin cannot be pulled forward to cover glans (glans swells and traps foreskin);

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28
Q

Causes of Paraphimosis

A

Causes: Catheterization or cleaning after medical procedures

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29
Q

Urethral Stricture

A

Urethral Structure-Decrease stream or double stream with mild stricture

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30
Q

Cause of Urethral Stricture

A

-Cause: Typically none but can result from previous injury

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31
Q

Peyronie’s Disease

A

Peyronie’s Disease: Hard cord like ibrotic scar tissue in penis that gives abnormal curvature to penis

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32
Q

Causes of Peyronie’s Disease

A

-Cause: Possible trauma or beta blockers

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33
Q

Testicular Cancer

A

Testicular Cancer: Firm lump or enlarged testes

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34
Q

Testicular Cancer: Cause

A

-Cause unknown, but common in young men ages 15-35

35
Q

Testicular Torsion

A

Testicular torsion: Twisting of the spermatic cord causing alterations to blood supply

36
Q

Testicular Torsion: Cause

A

-Causes: 1/3 have had prior testicular pain and may be more common in winter

37
Q

Hernias

A

Hernias: Protrusion of intestinal contents through acquired or congenital area of weakness or defect in abdominal wall

38
Q

MC Hernia

A

Inguinal (75%)

39
Q

Indirect Inguinal Hernia

A

-Indirect inguinal: MC, all ages, both sexes (Often into scrotum; Hernia comes down touches ingertip)

40
Q

Direct Inguinal Hernia

A

-Direct Inguinal: Less Common (Rarely into scrotum; Hernia bulges anteriorly & pushes side of inger forward)

41
Q

Femoral Hernia

A

-Femoral: Least common (Never into scrotum; upper thigh next to groin, inguinal canal is empty.

42
Q

Epididymitis

A

-Epididymitis: Inlammation of epididymis with scrotal pain

43
Q

Epididymitis: Cause

A

Cause: Bacterial infection due to STI, distal urinary tract obstruction, surgery or catheter, cystitis, prostatitis

44
Q

Orchitis

A

-Orchitis: Inlammation & infection of testes usually caused by virus

45
Q

Orchitis: MC Cause

A

MC Cause: Mumps

46
Q

Scrotal Edema

A

-Scrotal Edema: Retaining large amounts of luid

47
Q

Scrotal Edema: MC Cause

A

Cause: Right ventricular failure

48
Q

Hydrocele

A

-Hydrocele: Collection of luid within scrotum

49
Q

Hydrocele: Cause

A

Causes: Often unknown; May result from epididymitis, cancer etc.

50
Q

Injuries to Penis

A

-Cuts: Catch on zipper
-Urethral Injury: Blunt injury like straddling fence, bike, surgical procedures, deep cuts
-Fracture: Excessive bending (emergency procedure)
-Severed: Rare recovery of sensation or function (emergency)

51
Q

Testicular Torsion can lead to _____ & testis can die within ______ hours

A

Acute Ishemia & 6-12 hours

52
Q

Testicular Torsion: Signs & Symptoms

A

-Rapid onset
-Severe, local pain
-Nausea & Vomiting
-Scrotum: enlarged, red, edema
-May have fever & urinary frequency
-Absent cremaster relex

53
Q

Testicular Torsion: Management

A

-Emergency situation
-May untwist by rotating it within scrotum
-If unsuccessful, immediate surgery

54
Q

Testicular Cancer: Risk Factors

A

-Risk Factors: Caucasian (especially Scandinavian), history of cryptoorchism, Family Hx Signs/Symptoms

55
Q

Testicular Cancer: Signs & Symptoms

A

-Firm lump or enlarged testes
-Usually painless, but can have a dull ache in abdomen or groin
-Sensation of fullness/heaviness

56
Q

With Testicular Cancer, you may have:

A

-May have: Hydrocele, Acute or chronic epididymitis, Lymph involvement

57
Q

Hernia: Risk Factors

A

-Heavy lifting
-Chronic coughing
-Straining with urination
-Straining due to chronic constipation
-COPD

58
Q

Epididymitis vs. Orchitis: Signs & Symptoms

A

-Epididymitis: May radiate into the groin, Fever & Chills if severe, urinary symptoms, Hydrocele may occur
-Orchitis: Hematuria & ejaculation of blood

59
Q

Epididymitis vs. Orchitis: Cause

A

-Epididymitis: STI, Distal urinary tract obstruction, surgery or catheter, cystitis or prostatitis
-Orchitis: Mumps

60
Q

Spermatocele vs. Varicocele: Signs & Symptoms

A

-Spermatocele: Mass w/ Palpation & Transiluminates
-Varicocele: Feels like a bag of worms, throbbing/aching/sense of fullness that is worse with standing

61
Q

Spermatocele vs. Varicocele: Treatment

A

-Spermatocele: No treatment: Unless large & bothersome (surgery)
-Varicocele: Surgical Correction

62
Q

BPH, Prostatitis, Prostate Cancer: Age

A

-BPH: >50 yoa
-Prostatitis: <50 yoa
-Prostate Cancer: >50yoa

63
Q

Decongestants & antihistamines for colds/allergies is contraindicated for which prostate condition?

A

BPH

64
Q

Prostate Conditions: BPH vs. Prostatitis vs. Prostate Cancer (Signs/Symptoms)

A

-BPH: Difficulty Initiating, Nocturia, Decreased force/volume
-Prostatitis: Bladder/pelvic spasm, Dysuria/Burning, constipation & painful erection/ejaculation
-Prostate Cancer: Asymptomatic initially, hematuria, straining, weak/intermittent stream

65
Q

Why is it difficult to diagnose prostate cancer

A

-PSA may not be elevated in someone with cancer
-PSA can be elevated for other reasons like aging, BPH, prostate stimulation, UTI or certain meds

66
Q

STIs

A

Chlamydia, Syphilis, Chancroid, Granuloma Inguinale

67
Q

STDs

A

-Genital Warts, Genital Herpes, Scabies

68
Q

Chlamydia Trachomatis: Cause

A

-STI caused by bacteria
-Affects young women mostly

69
Q

Chlamydia: Sx

A

-Dysuria
-Discharge from Penis
-Testicular Pain possible

70
Q

Syphilis: Cause

A

-Bacterial Infection: Treponema pallidum

71
Q

Syphilis: Cause

A

-Bacterial Infection: Treponema pallidum

72
Q

Syphilis: Stages

A

Stages:
1st: : Painless ulcer, headaches, malaise
2nd : Non itchy rash
3rd: Little to no symptoms
4th: Neuro/cardiac S/Sx

73
Q

Chanroid: Cause

A

-Bacterial infection through sexual contact
-Caused by bacterium

74
Q

Chancroid: Sx

A

-Painful ulcer
-Well defined borders
-Necrotic base
-May easily bleed
-May have purulent discharge
-Tender inguinal lymph nodes

75
Q

Granuloma Inguinale: Cause

A

-Sexual contact (Klebsiella granulomati)

76
Q

Granuloma Inguinale: Sx

A

-Painless beefy red nodules
-Gradually enlarges
-Often affects genitals or anus
-Bleeds on contact

77
Q

Genital Warts: Cause

A

-Caused by human papillomavirus
-Risk Factor: Multiple partners

78
Q

Genital Warts: Symptoms

A

-Painless genital bumps or growths
-Can be flat or may “cauliflower”
-Itchy
-Possible discharge
-Often multiple

79
Q

Genital Herpes: Cause

A

-Caused by herpes simplex virus
-Increased risk of HIV

80
Q

Genital Herpes: Symptoms

A

-Initial Symptom: Genital tingling
-Followed by outbreak or eruption of small, painful, fluid filled blisters
-Heals with crusting
-May have dysuria
-Possible urethral discharge
-Tender inguinal lymph nodes

81
Q

Scabies: Cause

A

-Skin infection caused by parasite
-Contagious: Spreads quickly though physical contact
-Can be sexually transmitted

82
Q

Scabies: Symptoms

A

-Itching
-May see thin burrow tracks from mites

83
Q

How do proteolytics affect the prostate

A

Breaks down metabolites of estrogen

84
Q

What areas are affected by Scabies?

A

Buttocks, genitals, nipples, arm pits, wrists & between fingers and toes

GIGU & Men’s Health (7 decks)

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