MEN - Exam 4 Flashcards
How are MEN disorders inherited? development of tumors in _____ endocrine glands. Are they benign or cancerous?
autosomal dominant traits
two or more
Tumors may be malignant or benign
What is another name for MEN1? What is the mutation in? What is the result? When does it usually manifest by? What are the 3 MC organs involved?
Wermer syndrome
mutation in menin
mutation prevents tumor suppression because the role of menin is tumor suppressor protein
manifests by 40
parathyroid
pancreas
anterior pituitary
What is the appropriate imaging for the follow organ/systems? Chest, abdomen, pelvis, brain, parathyroid
CT - chest, abdomen, pelvis
MRI - brain
Nuclear scan - parathyroid
What is the primary pt with primary hyperparathyroidism?
elderly (60-70) female with elevated calcium
What is the MC initial presentation of MEN1? What age? What gender? How do you confirm tumor location?/
Parathyroid tumor occurs in over 90% of patients
20-25 both men and women
nuclear scan
What is the tx for primary hyperparathyroidism? What is the additional tx? What do these pts need to avoid?
sx either 3 1/2 PT glands or all 4
cinacalcet
avoid oral calcium and thiazide diuretics because thiazide diuretics retain calcium and excrete K
What is the MOA for cinacalcet?
binds to CaSRs in the parathyroid gland, increasing the glands’ affinity for extracellular calcium, thereby decreasing PTH secretion
What does GEP-NET’s stand for? What are the 5 types? Which one is the MC? 2nd MC?
Gastro-Entero-Pancreatic NeuroEndocrine Tumors (GEP-NET’s)
**Gastrinoma - MC
**Insulinoma - 2nd MC
Glucagonoma
Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide (Vip) Tumors (VIPomas)
Pancreatic Polypeptide-Secreting Tumors (Ppomas) and Non-functioning Pancreatic NETs
What is the MC MEN pancreatic tumor? How common are they? Specifically, where as they commonly found?
Gastrinomas: (gastrin-secreting pancreatic tumor)
Occurs in 40% of patients with MEN1
small, multiple, ectopic most are found in duodenum
What is the function of gastrin?
a hormone that stimulates secretion of gastric acid and assists in gastric motility
How do gastrinomas present? ______ further stimulates gastrin secretion
s/s due to hyperacidity of stomach so gastritis, PUD, GERD, diarrhea
Hypercalcemia
What are the 4 functions of gastric acid?
stimulates gastrin
Gastric secretion
Gastric acid secretion
secretin release
What 5 things stimulate gastrin release?
Ingestion of:
peptides
amino acids
gastric distention
an elevated stomach pH
hypercalcemia
Gastrin stimulates secretion of _____ in the cells of the lining of the stomach which _____
hydrochloric acid (gastric acid)
lowers the pH.
When gastric acid passes into the _____ it stimulates the release of ____ from duodenal cells due to _____.
duodenum
secretin
low pH
Secretin inhibits _____ release, _____, and stimulates ____ release. When the pH in the duodenum _____ it shuts off secretin release
gastric acid
gastric motility and secretion
bicarb
ncreases
_____ and _____ work opposite each other
secretin and gastrin
What are the 2 lab tests for gastrinomas?
fasting serum gastrin
secretin stimulation test
What is normal range for a fasting serum gastrin? _____ is suggestive for gastrinoma but _____ is diagnostic
normal range 50-60 pg/mL
> 150 pg/mL is suggestive
> 1000 pg/mL is diagnostic
What is considered a positive secretin stimulation test? **What is the important pt education?
(+) results - serum gastrin levels post administration >120 pg/mL over baseline levels
Must d/c PPI 6 days prior and H2 blocker 1 day prior to testing (need to convert PPI to H2 therapy for the appropriate pts)
aka give the pt secretin which theoretically in a normal person should “turn off” gastrin and should see a drop in gastrin levels but in a pt with a gastrinoma gastrin is constantly produced even in the presence of secretin
What is the management of gastinomas?______ is controversial. Why? When it is recommended?
Long-term high dose proton pump inhibitor (PPI) w/wo histamine 2 receptor antagonist
treat the hypercalcemia
sx is controversial -> long term outcomes are not definitive
most often recommended to prevent liver metastasis
insulinomas occur in what cell type? What age do they present most often?
β-islet cell, insulin-secreting tumors of the pancreas
between 20 and 40
What is the clinical presentation of an insulinoma? When is it worse? When does it improve?
hypoglycemic s/s
worse: fasting or exertion
improves: glucose/carb intake
What is the lab test for insulinomas? What is the drawback of this test? Name 2 additional tests with the results you would expect for an insulinoma
72 hour fast-> most reliable, assess for hypoglycemic symptoms and blood glucose < 55 mg/dL
requires hospital admission for direct supervision aka its expensive
plasma insulin concentration and C-peptide levels-> both will be elevated