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PSYC 325 > memory systems > Flashcards

memory systems Flashcards

1
Q

what are the components of a memory system

A

amount of memory

duration of memory

information type of memory

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2
Q

what is declarative memory broken into

A

semantic and episodic

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3
Q

what is nondeclarative memory broken into

A

procedural (skill)
priming
conditioning

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4
Q

memory

A

the persistence of retriable information

we are no going to retrieve a memory the exact way it was stored

can be applied to more than just human memory

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5
Q

ingram-engram distinction

A

about whether the information was acquired within an individual’s lifetime

there are no sharp boundaries between ingrams and engrams

both involve storage and retrieval

cognitive capacity and expression form a similar continuum

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6
Q

chomsky hierarchy

A

outlines types of cognitive (language) functions by memory requirements

the range of operations that can be executed (“grammers”) are constrained by memory

like simple to complex and simple machine

how much memory are we relying on? ie/ not needed for reflexes

type 0: recursively enumerable
- most complex and general
- computable
- unrestricted
- pragmatics in human language
- social implications of language - ie/ saying its cold to the room so the people next to the thermostat turn it up

type 1: context sensitive
- require rules that depend on the context of the symbols around them
- like equal numbers of a,b,c
- syntax of human languages
- humans use vocal communication, order of words in a sentence
- deeper language sotres

type 2: context free
- little more complex
- sentences in a language or embedded in ()
- storing simple units
- animal sounds

type 3: regular/ finite
- simple and easy to describe
- patterns that repeat
- no memory like a reflex
- simple machine with only a few buttons like a vending machine
- lowest amount of memory
- do not need to know just need to know the state that it is in

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7
Q

how long is sensory buffer

A

less than 1s

depends on modality and how long it is being stored in reflexes/ pathways before the cortex

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8
Q

how long is short term memory

A

15-30 secs

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9
Q

how long is intermediate term

A

30+ mins

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10
Q

how long is long term memory

A

indefinite

some stored for the rest of their life

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11
Q

working memory

A

manipulating info that is coming through the senses

transformation in short term memory

phonological loop and visuospatial sketchpad controlled by the central executive

both modules have limited timespans and capacity, and do not mutually interfere in the way that similar module information type causes interference

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12
Q

phonological loop

A

rehearsal of verbal items, especially in sequences , hearing, sound info

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13
Q

visuospatial sketchpad

A

rehearsal of object location (sequence) information

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14
Q

central executive

A

theorized to manage working memory

prefrontal cortex

focus and divide attention, task switching

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15
Q

episodic buffer

A

hold multidimensional code chunks

linking perception, working memory and long term memory

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16
Q

declarative

A

things you know that you can tell others

explicit

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17
Q

nondeclarative (procedural)

A

thinking you know that you can show by doing

18
Q

episodic memory system

A

remembering your first day of school

extracts and stores the content from our experiences
- when and where did an event occur?
- who and what were present?
- what happened, in what order?

conscious recollection and storage of info and retrieval

can acquire info abut an event that happens only once, yet protect the representation from interfering with each other

19
Q

semantic

A

knowing the capital of France

20
Q

skill learning

A

knowing how to ride a bike

21
Q

priming

A

being more likely to use a word you heard more recently

22
Q

conditioning

A

salivating when you see a favourite food

23
Q

henry molaison

A

patient HM began having debilitating seizures at 16

at 27 he had his hippocampus (on both sides) and surrounding structures surgically removed

henry could remember some of his past, did not consolidate new episodic memories
- anterograde amnesia

he could develop new skills (ie/ mirror-tracing)

24
Q

The delayed nonmatching to sample (DNMS) Task

A

monkeys retrieve a reward behind an object
- after a variable amount of time delay the monkey sees two objects:
1. an object that previously had a reward behind it
2. a novel object (mostly chosen)

in this test trial, the reward is always found behind the novel object
- finding the reward requires memory of which object was searched for

25
Q

hippocampus and the delayed nonmatching task (DNMS)

A

surgical removal of both amygdala and hippocampus do not result in DNMS deficit

will still perform the task well

neither structure is directly involved in DNMS memory
- instead, subsequent animal and human research showed that damage to the rhinal cortex caused memory impairment for the DNMS

26
Q

hippocampus role in episodic memory

A

a traditional unitary view of hippocampus function is that all its structures are involved in the production of declarative memories

DNMS performance does not rely on episodic memory

hippocampus is important for episodic recollection, but the adjacent cortex is important for familiarity

27
Q

evidence of the modular hippocampus

A

young children with MDL damage after ischemic stroke:
- develop normal language and social skills, with fully normal levels of vocabulary and other forms of semantic memory

familiarity information does not require episodic context
- rats with hippocampal damage still learn to recognize objects, but do not retain information about the learning context

28
Q

what are the properties of episodic memory

A

has three properties
1. it supports the conscious recollection of contextual spatiotemporal information for later retrieval
- intentional initiation of retrieval-intentional search for a memory
- conscious awareness of remembering (a member trace being successfully activated)
- does not require either to be active

  1. It automatically captures episodic and incidental information about single episodes of our lives
    - does not require the intention to encode or consolidate the memory
    - incidental info, no intention, stuff you do not need to know
  2. it includes information about the spatial and temporal context that is protected from interference by other memory traces
    - the stability-plasticity dilemma
    ie/ can we distinguish between classes or dinner with the same people every night

the brain supports episodic memory through a hierarchy and a loop

remembering emerges when a retrieved memory trace info about the time, place or context of an experience. Once we remember this it becomes easier to remember things

29
Q

the hierarchy

A

hippocampus is embedded in neural systems and therefore can interact with other brain regions - has unique intrinsic organization and synaptic connection

episodic experiences are first transduced by sense receptors and then processed hierarchially until they reach the hippocampus

hippocampus can receive info from many areas because it sits on top

uni and polymodal cortical areas support perception processes

perirhinal and parahippocampal areas support associative recall

entorhinal cortex supports spatiotemporal event context

located in medial temporal lobes

level of information increases throughout the hierarchy

info highly processes before in reaches the hippocampus, becomes amodal ( neurons do not know if people are receiving auditory, visual or somatosensory

30
Q

the loop

A

hippocampus is insensitive to certain sense ie/ it does not know if it is smell or sound

the hippocampal loop supports sequential indexing integrated (amodal) event infromation

information is the most compressed and abrstact in the hippocampus

anterograde amnesia result from damage to the hippocampus

31
Q

the indexing theory of episodic memory

A

accounts for three aspects of the relationship between memory and the brain
1. the role of the hippocampus in episodic engram formation (provides map to cortical areas that contain our experiences) has info about pattern activity represented by strengthening of synapses between neocortex and hippocampal neurons and strengthening neurons

  1. the nature of the engram
  2. the role of the hippocampus in memory retrieval

the theory posits that the hippocampus does not store memories, but rather pointers (indices) to memories that are stored in the neocortex

assumes individual features that make up a specific episode establish a memory trace by activating patterns of neocortical activity, which then project to the hippocampus

32
Q

A - Es of index theory

A

A. the hippocampus and neocortex at rest (sleep?)

B. experience represented in cortex is processed through the memory hierarchy

C. A subset of the experience (engram) us conjoined with a hippocampal index neuron (s)

D. retrieval cues activate the index in the hippocampus. ie/ what you are doing on new years

E. the index helps to reactivate the of the stored engram

33
Q

pattern completion and seperation

A

the index itself has no episodic memory content
- the hippocampus is amodal

34
Q

pattern completion

A

the ability for the index to restore an entire memory from a single cue

activate replay of entire experience. possible because synapses represent patterns in neocortex (has been strengthened)

neurons in the neocortex project back to the same hippocampal place that projected to it

35
Q

pattern seperation

A

a retrieval cue might activate multiple indices, but most activated one will activate only the engram it is associated with

memories have overlap - if youenter overlap you are not going to know which engram you entered) - ampount of activation determines which is activated

which one gets selected

creates different indices from similar patterns cause convergence on different neurons

36
Q

evidence for the indexing theory

A

animal experiments provide a few research advantages
- fear conditioning is a simple form of learning that is easily controlled in rodents
- systematic damage to brain structures can be performed precisely

one observation from fear conditioning studies is that animals who are pre-exposed to a context are more readily fear conditioned to it
- context pre exposure facilitation

based on immediate shock effect

rat placed into locked chamber and shocked within 6 secs later will show no fear to conditioning chamber

however if allowed to explore chamber before, it will show fear to that context
- rat acquired a representation of the context so not preexposed to a shock

37
Q

context pre exposure facilitation effect

A

index theory explains the CPFE as resulting from pattern completion of the shock from the context cue

if this is true, rat should be fear conditionable to a context they were pre exposed to but no necessarily shocked in

it also implies that hippocampal damage will prevents CPFE

preexposure created false memory

38
Q

why is the the hippocampus key

A

rats also have preference for exploration of novelty

A. when a rat has experience for cubes in context A and cylinder in context B
B. they prefer to spend time with the cylinder in context A and the cube in context B

rats with hippocampal damage will treat explored objects familiar regardless of context
- failure of pattern separation
- more readily generalize fear conditioning between contexts

rats with hippocampal damage can not remember objects they previously explored

keep actively exploring our environments

if they have prior exposure to these object then hippocampal damage does not matter because there is a familiarity

39
Q

creating false memories (optogenetic)

A

A. DOX prevents expression of ChR2 in infused DG neurons

B. DOX off rats develop an index for “context A”

C. DOX-on (no new ChR2) rats shocked in context B and blue light applied

D. Rats tested in context A or C

E. Rats with light applied to froze more in context A
- false memory success

40
Q

inhibiting memory retrieval

A

A. CA1 neurons injected with ArchT (neuron silencer)

B. DOX-off rats express ArchT are are fear conditioned

C. Application of green light activates ArchT, silencing CA1 neurons

D. and inhibiting their fear

41
Q

control of cortical engram neurons

A

production of neurons in the cortex

  • many distributed cortical neurons are parts of engrams
  • H2B-GFP TetTag mouse expresses green fluorescent protein when DOX is off

A. DOX-on, no GFP expression
B. DOX-off, many neurons in the brain express GFP
C. DOX-on, retrieval activates c-Fos (immediate early gene)
D. Co-expression of GFP and c-Fos reflects engram neurons and were found in many regions

optogenically silencing index neurons in CA1 caused a reduction in co-labelled neurons in several cortical areas
- therefore, the retrieval memories is influenced by the dynamics of hippocampal index neurons

PSYC 325 (5 decks)

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