Memory (P2) Flashcards
information processing stages
input (senses) encoded- convert information into a form we understand storage- stored for a later date retrieval-memories are recalled output-information from memory is used
types of forgetting
decay
displacement
retrieval failure
decay
happens over time
not rehearsing or recalling memories
displacement
one memory displaces another
STM
retrieval failure
stored but cannot be retrieved
lack of cues
context cues- tiggers to recall
state cues-mood
cerebellum and memories
movement and coordination
retrieving and performing procedural memories
forgetting can be caused by…
neurological damage , accidents
age
antergorgrade amnesia
inability to form new memories
information cannot be passed through STM and LTM
hippocampus damage
retrograde amnesia
inability to recall past memories
damage to frontal lobe
multi store model of memory -SENSORY
stimuli enter , have to pay attention or decays
2 seconds
multi store model of memory -SHORT
limited capacity, 7 displacement and decay occurs 30 seconds maintenance rehearsal-repeating information encoding is mosty auditory
multi store model of memory -LONG
unlimited capacity and duration
encoding is semantic (meaning)
decay or retrieval failure
criticism of MSM
too simple
neuropsychology suggest there is more than one LTM store
too much importance on rehearsal versus meaning
structure and process of the theory of reconstructive memory
people reconstruct their memories based on prior experiences called schemas
what is a schema (Bartlett)
a mental representation of an object or situation based on prior experiences used more = clearer memory recall in chronological order access schemas that are most important can be reconstructed based on new info
role of experience and expectation on memory
*memories shaped by prior experiences = may not be accurate
expectations - schemas are designed to help us deal quickly with huge amount of sensory data, influence what we expect in a situation - not always correct
confabulation
making up details to create a more complete memory , not done with intent
distortion
memory differs from the event which took place
leading questions could influence answers
criticism of theory of reconstructive memory
reductionist-how process happen ?
concept of schemas are too vague - cant be observed
very complicated -difficult to predict how people recall information
reconstructive memory , Braun et al - BACKGROUND
use autobiographical advertising to manipulate consumers to focus on feelings evoked by nostalgia
braun - might alter what consumers actually remember
reconstructive memory , Braun et al - EXPERIMENT 1:AIM
to see if autobiographically focused advertising could directly affect how consumers remember a prior experience
reconstructive memory , Braun et al - EXPERIMENT 1:METHOD
laboratory experiment
independent measures design
disney or control advert
100 students USA
life event questionnaire (shook hands with fav character)
questionnaire on advert
questionnaire on personal memories of Disney
reconstructive memory , Braun et al - EXPERIMENT 1:PROCEDURE
tasks to minimise the risk of demand characteristics
disney or control advert and asked to visualise experiencing the situation
distraction tasks
reconstructive memory , Braun et al - EXPERIMENT 1:RESULTS
65% memory was reconstructed
could imagine the experience (targeting and selling)
positive thoughts
reconstructive memory , Braun et al - EXPERIMENT 2 :AIM
to see if false information in ad would make participants think those events happened
reconstructive memory , Braun et al - EXPERIMENT 2 :PROCEDURE
independent measures design
167 students
fake ad with bugs bunny and Ariel
questionnaire about shaking hands (scale)
reconstructive memory , Braun et al - EXPERIMENT 2:RESULTS
changed the memory
infleucen how recall their past
memory is reconstructed
reconstructive memory , Braun et al - EXPERIMENT 2:CRITICISMS
age bias - students
psychological harm- unethical to change memory
lab- ecological validity - reflection to real life?
