Memory (P1) Flashcards
Memory models (long term memory)
(AO1)
semantic - memory of meanings, understandings and concept based knowledge (conscious recall)
episodic - memory of autobiographical events (conscious recall)
procedural - memory of performance of skills
Memory models (long term memory)
(AO3)
P: research support
E: brain scanning studies show different areas active when performing tasks involving LTM - episodic located in right prefrontal cortex and semantic in left
T: supports LTM are physically different
P: contradictory evidence
E: MSM suggests LTM is a unitary store
T: MSM does not support the idea of different types of LTM
P: research support
E: HM had a lobotomy for epilepsy but could not form new memories and could perform skills/ clive wearing
T: supports idea of different stores of LTM
P: difficult to use case studies of one person
E: there is no way to test their memory before brain damage and it is hard to use one persons case and generalise
T: weakens supporting evidence for LTM and cannot be generalised
Multi store model (AO1)
- memory is made of unitary stores
- maintenance rehearsal - verbally or mentally repeating info allowing duration of STM to be extended 30s
- fixed linear sequence
- capacity (amount), duration, coding (format)
Multi store model (research)
CAPACITY
- jacobs - digit span - increasing each time - 9.3 items (digits) - 7.3 (letters)
–conducted a long time ago when there was low control (cofounding variables)
- chunking - capacity
DURATION
- peterson and peterson - 24 undergraduate students given a trigram and a 3 digit number to count back from to prevent mental rehearsal and asked to stop after different amounts of times - longer delay = less recall (3s = 80%, 18s = 10%)
+ lab study
– low ecological validity and mundame realism
CODING
- baddeley - word lists (semantically diss/similar, acoustically diss,similar) and either recalled immediately or after 20 mins
- worse with acoustically similar in STM (coded acoustically)
- worse with semantically similar in LTM (coded semantically)
+ high control - lab experiment
– low ecological validity and mundame realism
Multi store model (AO3)
P: research support
E: Baddeley
T: STM and LTM have different characteristics
P: evidence suggests LTM is not a unitary store
E: semantic, episodic, procedural
T: MSM representation of LTM is too simplistic
P: research support
E: Murdoch - recall list of words - found ppts recalled start and end of the list (serial position effect)
T: provides support for 2 different memory stores STM/LTM
Working memory model (AO1)
- STM is an active processor
- central executive - organisation of info/ allocates tasks to other slave systems
- episodic buffer - time stamping/ connection to LTM/ temporary storage
- phonological loop - auditory info/ phonological store (inner ear)/ articulatory process (inner voice)
- visuo-spatial sketchpad - visual cache (visual)/ inner scribe (spatial)
Working memory model (AO3)
P: research support
E: brain scanning studies - gave tasks involving central executive and found greater activity in the prefrontal cortex
T: difference areas of the model are physically different
P: research support
E: dual task studies showed difficulty doing 2 visual tasks than visual and verbal as they compete for the same slave system (PL/VSS)
T: supports existence of different slave systems
Explanations of forgetting - interference theory (AO1)
- interference theory - 2 lots of info become confused in memory as one memory blocks the other (occurs more with similar info and less likely when there is a gap between learning)
- proactive interference - old info interfering with new
- retroactive interference - new info interferes with old
Explanations of forgetting - interference theory (research)
P: research support
E: rugby players who had played all games recalled fewer team than those who had misses some due to injury
T: retroactive
F: high mundame realism and ecological validity
P: research support
E: ppts recalled trigrams presented first irrespective of interval length
T: pro active
C: low mundame realism and ecological validity
Explanations of forgetting - retrieval failure (AO1)
- info in LTM cannot be accessed due to insufficient cues
- encoding specifity principle - when memories are created associated cues are stored and if they are not present at recall, we forget
- context dependent forgetting - lack of external retrieval cues
- state dependent forgetting - lack of internal retrieval cues
Explanations of forgetting - retrieval failure (research)
P: drivers recall list of words in different conditions (land/ underwater)
F: recall 40% lower when learning and recall environments didn’t match
- context dependent forgetting
- low ecological validity
P: ppts learn passages of words in different states (antihistamines or not)
F: higher recall when state of learning and recall matched
- state dependent forgetting
- low mundame realism
Explanations of forgetting (AO3)
P: alternative explanation
E: motivated forgetting - repression to forget traumatic events as they are to painful - become difficult to recall
T: not a sole explanation
P: real world application
E: cognitive interview stages include reinstating the context
T: benefits the police, society, economy
P: alternate theory
E: interference theory/ retrieval theory
T: not a sole explanation
Eye witness testimony - leading questions
