Memory Lecture Pt. 2

Question 1

What is the best way to view long-term memory?

Answer 1

As a network of psychological associations

Question 2

What forms a series of integrated connections in memory when experiencing something positive?

Answer 2

Positive experiences

Question 3

What are the elements included in psychological associations?

Answer 3

People, sounds, smells, food, music, emotions

Question 4

How is memory strength influenced in long-term memory?

Answer 4

By repetition and creating an interconnected network

Question 5

What contributes to the memory network in terms of experiences?

Answer 5

Types of experiences, psychological representations, and neural associations

Question 6

What is the massive capacity of long-term memory?

Answer 6

Extensive information, possibly unlimited

Question 7

How long can memories last in long-term memory?

Answer 7

Very long time, organized through associative networks

Question 8

How are memories indexed in long-term memory?

Answer 8

Based on relatedness and interconnectedness

Question 9

What creates interconnected associations in long-term memory?

Answer 9

Perceptual experiences, sounds, tastes, smells, thoughts

Question 10

What types of associations contribute to the network?

Answer 10

Perception, semantic (meaning), and experiential associations

Question 11

How does repetition impact memory in associative networks?

Answer 11

Strengthens memory, building a strong, stable network

Question 12

How does repetition influence memory strength?

Answer 12

Repeated experiences or mental revisiting

Question 13

What type of experiences form stronger and quicker memories?

Answer 13

Salient experiences, emotional or unique events

Question 14

What is memory reconstruction influenced by?

Answer 14

Mood and focus

Question 15

What is Highly Superior Autobiographical Memory (HSAM)?

Answer 15

Individuals with near-perfect autobiographical recall

Question 16

What is HSAM linked to in terms of brain activity?

Answer 16

Larger and more active amygdala, possibly engaged working memory

Question 17

What influences memory reconstruction in HSAM individuals?

Answer 17

Current emotions, even with precision

Question 18

What are the main memory systems?

Answer 18

Sensory Memory, Short-term Memory, Long-term Memory

Question 19

How are long-term memories formed?

Answer 19

Through repeated experiences

Question 20

What is discussed regarding memory in terms of depth of processing?

Answer 20

Working Memory and Depth of Processing

Question 21

What causes memory changes at the neuron level?

Answer 21

Chemical and structural changes

Question 22

What is involved in short-term memory?

Answer 22

Temporary alterations in neuron abilities

Question 23

What is Long-Term Potentiation (LTP)?

Answer 23

Long-lasting increase in synaptic responsiveness

Question 24

According to Donald Olding Hebb, what concept explains LTP?

Answer 24

Neurons that fire together wire together

Question 25

What does proximity breed in the context of neural networks?

Answer 25

Connectivity, emphasizing the importance of adjacent neurons

Question 26

What role does the hippocampus play in memory?

Answer 26

Critical for shifting memories from short-term to long-term

Question 27

Over time, what happens to the hippocampus's involvement in memory?

Answer 27

Decreases as other regions form independent connections

Question 28

What do neural networks parallel in the context of memory?

Answer 28

Psychological associative networks

Question 29

What do complex experiences have in terms of neural representations?

Answer 29

Corresponding distributed neural representations

Question 30

What are cell assemblies in the context of memory?

Answer 30

Functional networks of interconnected neurons representing experiences

Question 31

What is Henry Molaison known for?

Answer 31

Neurological Case Study, bilateral hippocampal removal

Question 32

What was the result of the hippocampal removal in H.M.'s case?

Answer 32

Permanent anterograde amnesia, inability to form new memories

Question 33

What type of memory did H.M. maintain despite amnesia?

Answer 33

Procedural memory, displayed through tasks, lacked declarative memory

Question 34

What is a common theme in movies featuring memory loss?

Answer 34

Sudden and dramatic memory loss

Question 35

Provide examples of movies featuring memory loss.

Answer 35

"50 First Dates," "Total Recall," "Finding Nemo"

Question 36

What is the first error of omission in memory?

Answer 36

Transience: Memory degrades over time

Question 37

What characterizes transience in memory?

Answer 37

Temporary nature of certain memories

Question 38

What is the fourth error of commission in memory?

Answer 38

Misattribution: Errors in remembering the source of a memory

Question 39

What is misattribution in memory?

Answer 39

Inability to recall where, when, or from whom the information was learned

Question 40

What is the seventh error of commission in memory?

Answer 40

Persistence: Activation of unwanted memories, persistently resurfacing

Question 41

What characterizes persistence in memory?

Answer 41

Unwanted memories persistently resurfacing

Question 42

What is the general accuracy of memory reconstruction during recollection?

Answer 42

Generally accurate but susceptible to distortion

Question 43

What can errors involve in memory reconstruction?

Answer 43

Missing information, adding false details, or distorting existing memories

Question 44

According to the Decay Model, why does information degrade over time?

Answer 44

Lack of use, breakdown of long-term potentiation

Question 45

What does the Replacement Model propose about memory storage?

Answer 45

Limited capacity, new memories replace old ones

Question 46

What does the Interference Model propose about similar information?

Answer 46

Lack of distinctiveness causes issues during storage or retrieval

Question 47

What are the two types of interference discussed?

Answer 47

Retroactive interference and Proactive interference

Question 48

According to the Q-Dependent Model, what causes an inability to retrieve a memory?

Answer 48

Insufficient cues, requires specific triggers for activation

Question 49

Provide an example of the Q-Dependent Model in action.

Answer 49

Movie recall with additional cues triggering memory retrieval

Question 50

What is the Decay Theory in models of forgetting?

Answer 50

Memories fade from lack of use over time

Question 51

What is the Replacement Theory in models of forgetting?

Answer 51

Old memories intentionally erased to accommodate new ones

Question 52

What is the Interference Theory in models of forgetting?

Answer 52

Lack of distinctiveness in similar information causing retrieval issues

Question 53

What is the Q-Dependent Theory in models of forgetting?

Answer 53

Inability to retrieve a memory due to insufficient cues