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PSYCH261 > Memory & Learning > Flashcards

Memory & Learning Flashcards

1
Q

Classical Conditioning

A

Pairing two stimuli changes the response to one of them (Pavlov)
Present a conditioned stimulus which initially elicits no response of note
Then present the unconditioned stimulus which automatically elicits the unconditioned response
Pairing conditioned stimulus with unconditioned stimulus makes individual produce a new learned response called conditioned response

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2
Q

Instrumental/Operant Conditioning

A

Response leads to a reinforcer or punishment
Reinforcer: any event that increases the future probability of the response
Punishment: an event that suppresses the frequency of the response

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3
Q

Engram

A

Physical representation of what has been learned

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4
Q

Equipotentiality

A

All parts of the cortex contribute equally to complex behaviours such as learning, and any part of the cortex can substitute for any other

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5
Q

Mass Action

A

Cortex works as a whole, and more cortex is better

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6
Q

Lashley & Engram

A

Connection between two brain areas would be possible examples of engram
Knife cut somewhere in the brain should interrupt that connection and abolish the learned response
But this didn’t impair rats responses
Removing portions of cortex before or after learning
All cortical areas are about equally important for learning and memory

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7
Q

Richard Thompson & Engram

A

Lateral interpositus nucleus (LIP)
Essential for learning
Response of this cell increased with learning
Suppressing the nucleus preventing responses during training
Rabbits conditioned to blink when hear a tone
Cerebellum specialized for timing brief intervals

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8
Q

Consolidation

A

Storing something in short term memory for long enough strengthens it into a long term memory (through building new synapses or other structural changes)

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9
Q

Flashbulb Memories

A

Emotionally significant memories which form quickly (e.g. first kiss, hearing tragic news)
Arouse the locus coeruleus, which increases norepinephrine release throughout cortex and dopamine release in hippocampus
Increase secretion of epinephrine and cortisol that activate amygdala and hippocampus

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10
Q

Synaptic tag and capture

A

Brain tags a weak new memory for later stabilization if a similar more important event soon follows

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11
Q

Working memory

A

The way we store info while we are working on it

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12
Q

Delayed Response Task

A

Respond to something you saw or heard a short while ago
Common test of working memory

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13
Q

Amnesia

A

Memory loss
Not all kinds of memory lost equally
Usually mix of anterograde and retrograde

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14
Q

(Wernicke-) Korsakoff’s Syndrome

A

Brain damage caused by prolonged thiamine deficiency
Deficiency common among people with alcoholism
Loss or shrinkage of neurons in brain (dorsomedial thalamus)
Similar symptoms to those with prefrontal damage (Apathy, confusion, memory loss, etc)
Better implicit than explicit memory
More anterograde amnesia (can’t form new memories)
Use confabulation

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15
Q

Confabulation

A

Patients fill in memory gaps with guesses
Mainly about their own lives and not about semantic or nonsense questions
Most confabulated answers are more pleasant than the true answers

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16
Q

Anterograde Amnesia

A

Inability to form memories for events that happened after brain damage

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17
Q

Retrograde Amnesia

A

Loss of memory for events that occurred before brain damage

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18
Q

Working Memory & Amnesia

A

H.M showed normal working memory if not distracted

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19
Q

Long Term Memory & Amnesia

A

H.M. impaired on forming new memories (e.g. new date, meanings of new words/events, recognize themselves)
Weak semantic memories
When devise own labels for objects, remember them better

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20
Q

Semantic Memory

A

Memories of factual information

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21
Q

Episodic Memory

A

Memories of personal events

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22
Q

Amnesia & Episodic Memory

A

H.M has severe episodic impairment
Can’t describe any experiences after surgery, very few before surgery
Others (patient K.C) had complete loss of episodic memory
-couldn’t remember any events (could remember facts, people)
-have issues describing the past and the future (both use hippocampus)

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23
Q

Implicit/Explicit Memory & Amnesia

A

Better implicit than explicit
Become comfortable with certain people work with even if don’t remember working with them (picked the nice worker when asked)

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24
Q

Explicit/Declarative Memory

A

Deliberate recall of info that one recognizes as a memory
Can state this kind of memory in words, draw a picture of it, or other demonstrate knowing it

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25
Q

Implicit Memory

A

Influence of experience on behaviour, even if you do not recognize that influence

26
Q

Procedural Memory

A

Development of motor skills and habits
Special kind of implicit memory

27
Q

Procedural Memory & Amnesia

A

Amnesia patients still retain procedural memories (e.g. how to eat with fork, remember playing Tetris, learn to use book sorting system)
Don’t remember where learned these skills

28
Q

Amnesia Effects Summary

A

Normal working memory, unless distracted
Severe anterograde amnesia for declarative memory (difficulty forming new declarative memories)
Severe loss of episodic memories, including most of those from before the damage
Better implicit than explicit memory
Nearly intact procedural memory

29
Q

Delayed matching to sample task

A

Animal sees an object (sample) and after a delay gets a choice between two objects
Must choose the one that matches the sample

30
Q

Delayed nonmatching to sample task

A

Animal sees an object (sample) and after a delay gets a choice between two objects
Must choose the one that doesn’t match the sample

31
Q

Hippocampus Function Theories

A

Memory for context
Consolidation (labile depend on hippocampus, long term do not)
Spatial memory
Time keeping

32
Q

Radial Maze

A

Several arms, some or all have a bit of food at the end
Different floor textures or direction indicate presence of food at the end

33
Q

Morris Water Maze

A

Rat swims through murky water to find a rest platform that is just under the surface

34
Q

Navigation

A

Hippocampus important for spatial memory
Damage to hippocampus impaired performance in maze tasks
-reenter arms its already taken food from
-can find platform if start in same place, but if moved become disoriented

35
Q

Taxi Drivers

A

High hippocampal activation when giving directions
Larger hippocampus (depending on time been driver)

36
Q

Place Cells

A

hippocampal neurons tuned to particular spatial locations
Respond best when at a particular place and looking in particular direction
Rats use place cells to imagine trying each route in a maze
Receive input form nearby grid cells

37
Q

Time Cells

A

Respond to a particular point in a sequence of time (place cells also function as time cells)
Rat has to run on treadmill for 20s to get reward
Hippocampal time cells become active at particular times during 20s

38
Q

Striatum

A

Basal ganglia, caudate nucleus, and putamen
Gradually learn habits or learning what probably will or won’t happen under certain circumstances
Parkinson’s (stratum damage) have no gradual learning
Amnesia patients have slow but functional learning in this area

39
Q

Parietal Lobe Damage & Memory

A

Episodic memory almost devoid of details
But when asked follow up questions, they responded with detail
Lack ability to elaborate on memory spontaneously

40
Q

Anterior Temporal Cortex Damage & Memory

A

Semantic dementia: loss of semantic memory
E.g. patient forgot what a sheep or zebra was

41
Q

Hebbian Synapse

A

One that can increase its effectiveness as a result of simultaneous activity in the presynaptic and postsynaptic neurons
Essential for associative learning
Donald Hebb
A initially excites cell B, and axon C excites B more strongly
If A and C fire together, combined effect on B may produce an action potential
Pairing activity in axons A and C increases future effect of A on B

42
Q

Aplysia

A

Marine invertebrate
Fewer and larger neurons

43
Q

Habituation

A

Decrease in response to a repeated stimulus that is accompanied by no change in other stimuli
Repeated stimulation of areas it stops responding/withdrawing
Habituation depends on change in synapse between sensory neuron and motor neuron

44
Q

Sensitization

A

Increase in response to mild stimuli as a result of exposure to more intense stimuli
Strong stimulus on skin intensifies a later withdrawal response to touch
Traced to changes at identified synapses

45
Q

Long Term Potentiation (LTP)

A

One or more axons connected to a dendrite bombard it with rapid series of stimuli
Burst of intense stimulation leaves some synapses potentiated (more responsive to new input of same type) for mins, days, weeks
Matches Hebbian synapse

46
Q

Properties of LTP to help learning about memory

A

Specificity: only active synapses become strengthened, failure of specificity is one cause of impaired learning
Cooperativity: nearly simultaneous stimulation by two or more axons produces LTP more strongly than repeated stimulation by one axon
Associativity: pairing a weak input with a strong input enhances later response to weak input

47
Q

Long Term Depression (LTD)

A

Prolonged decrease in response at a synapse
Occurs for axons that have been less active than others
As one synapse strengthens, another weakens

48
Q

Modafinil

A

Stimulant
Some memory improvement on complex tasks
Side effects unknown

49
Q

Stimulant Drugs

A

Increased energy improves memory and cognition slightly for average or below average students
Little to no benefit for best students

50
Q

Gingkgo Biloba

A

Benefits for memory are not proven
Seem restricted to people with Alzheimer’s or other conditions
Improvements only after many months

51
Q

Bacopa Monnieri (watter hyssop)

A

Antioxidant and removes beta-amyloids
Benefits only emerge after months

52
Q

Gene modifications in animals

A

Mice with increased gene expression that enhances NMDA receptors show faster learning and chronic pain
Another variant gene shows learning complex mazes faster by worse at simple mazes
Another type learns quickly but learns fears quickly too and fails to unlearn the fears
Aka become better at one thing and worse at another

53
Q

Transcranial direct current stimulation

A

Possible help with attention and memory
But may impair performance on a task while improving another area

54
Q

Behavioural Methods

A

Best bet
Study, rehearse, and test yourself
Physical exercise, nutrition, sleep, and stress management all contribute

55
Q

Anosognosia

A

Lack of knowledge about one’s own memory problems
In some cases memory can recover but in other cases it continues to get worse
¾ recover, ¼ do not

56
Q

Non Associative Learning

A

Habituation & sensitization

57
Q

Associative Learning

A

Classical & operant conditioning

58
Q

Hippocampal Complex

A

Hippocampus and area surrounding it
Consolidation
Navigation/spatial memory
Time keeping
Contextual Memory

59
Q

Graded Retrograde Amnesia

A

Gradient of amnesia (increases over time)
Failure of memory of past events
Remember older memories better
Amnesia is worse as approach event that caused amnesia

60
Q

Grid Cells

A

Firing pattern represents space as a grid
Cells always respond in a hexagon
In entorhinal cortex

61
Q

Head Direction Cell

A

Fires when looking in a specific direction

62
Q

Atrophy

A

Decrease in size of area/tissue wasting away
In amnesia:
Primarily in mammillary body, thalamus, anterior corpus callosum
Also hippocampus, cerebellum, pons

PSYCH261 (7 decks)

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