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PSYCH261 > Emotion & Mood Disorders > Flashcards

Emotion & Mood Disorders Flashcards

1
Q

Sympathetic Nervous System

A

Fight or flight response
Stimulates heart (vigorous activities)
Inhibits stomach and intestines (vegetative activities)

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2
Q

Parasympathetic Nervous System

A

Increases digestion and vegetative states
Save energy

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3
Q

William James’ Impact On Emotion Understanding

A

Pre William James: event - cognition/emotion - physiological changes
Post William James: event - physiological changes - cognition/emotion

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4
Q

James-Lange Theory

A

Autonomic arousal and skeletal actions come before emotion
Emotion is the label you give your responses
Cognitive aspect of emotion comes first (e.g. appraisal of something as good, bad, frightening, etc.)
Appraisal leads to appropriate action
Action leads to the feeling aspect
Emotion depends on somatosensory cortex
Current research supports

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5
Q

Walter Bradford Cannon

A

Emotion is added to simple sensations when the thalamic processes are roused
Thalamic disturbances contribute glow and colour to otherwise simple cognitive states
Same as James’ theory but with thalamus added

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6
Q

Support for James-Lange Theory

A

Distinct autonomic responses for different emotions
Pure autonomic failure (PAF)
Facial Feedback Hypothesis
Somatosensory areas and emotion recognition

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7
Q

Pure autonomic failure (PAF)

A

Subjects with PAF cannot modulate their bodily state via the autonomic nervous system because of peripheral autonomic denervation
Do not generate heart rate and blood pressure increases during exercise
Absent sympathetic skin conductance responsive to emotive stimuli
Diminished pupillary responses
Emotions are ‘blunted;

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8
Q

Facial Feedback Hypothesis

A

Furrow browns to bring the golf tees together led participants to feel more sadness (looking at a negative picture while doing this makes you feel like stimuli is more negative)
Pencil in mouth increases positive feelings

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9
Q

Somatosensory areas and emotion recognition

A

Lesions in right somatosensory related cortices were associated with impaired recognition for every emotion

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10
Q

Is Physiological Arousal Sufficient for Emotions

A

Physiological sensations seldom enough to produce emotional feelings
Physiological sensation increases feelings
Intensifies both pleasant and unpleasant emotions
Especially in people sensitive to their internal states
Emotions are embodied (emotions depend on responses of the body)

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11
Q

Emotion Brian Areas

A

No specific areas associated with one specific emotion

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12
Q

Basic Emotions

A

Main support of basic emotions is existence of facial expressions for emotions
People recognize expressions from their own culture better
Rarely identify someone’s emotion from expression alone

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13
Q

Behavioural activation system (BAS)

A

Marked by low to moderate autonomic arousal, tendency to approach (could characterize happiness or anger)
Increase activity in left hemisphere (frontal & temporal)

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14
Q

Behavioural inhibition system (BIS)

A

Increases attention and arousal, inhibits action, stimulates emotion such as fear and disgust
Increased activity in right hemisphere (frontal & temporal)

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15
Q

Hemisphere Activation & Personality

A

Greater activity in left hemisphere tend to be happier, more outgoing, more fun loving
Greater activity in right hemisphere tend to be socially withdrawn, less satisfied with life, prone to unpleasant emotion

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16
Q

Utilitarian Decision

A

Assess potential outcomes and choose the one with least costs

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17
Q

Brain Areas & Moral Decisions

A

Prefrontal cortex
Cingulate gyrus
React emotionally because you identify with person who is suffering/dying
People with strongest autonomic arousal least likely to make ‘logical’ decision to kill one and save five

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18
Q

Moral Decision Process

A

Compare utilitarian aspect and emotional aspect
Ventromedial part of prefrontal cortex active when comparing aspects

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19
Q

Ventromedial patients (damage)

A

Compromised ability to express emotion and experience feelings in situations where emotions would have been expected
Normal intellect & abnormal decision making, abnormalities in emotion and feeling

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20
Q

Iowa gambling task

A

Describe results: see notes

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21
Q

Testosterone & Aggression

A

Smaller role than expected
Higher testosterone tend to be more aggressive (both men and women)
Aggressive behaviour may depend on sudden burst of testosterone not baseline level

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22
Q

Serotonin & Aggression

A

Low serotonin turnover in people with history of violent behaviour (serotonin inhibits impulsive behaviour)
Recent studies show less consistent effects
Less tryptophan hydroxylase leads to more aggression
Less serotonin leads to more aggression
Knocking out serotonin transporters reduces aggression

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23
Q

Triple Imbalance Hypothesis

A

Low serotonin (reduced emotion regulation) + High testosterone & low cortisol (increased reactivity)
=Impulsive aggression

24
Q

Cortisol & Aggression

A

Cortisol inhibits aggression
Adrenal gland secretes cortisol during periods of stress and anxiety
Leads to cautious behaviour that conserves energy
Anger decreases cortisol levels

25
Q

Other Hormones & Aggression

A

Increasing oxytocin reduces aggression
Increasing vasopressin increases aggression

26
Q

Moro Reflex

A

Sudden loud noise causes infant to arch back, extend arms and legs, cry

27
Q

Startle Reflex

A

Loud noise triggers tensing/startling
Used to measure anxiety

28
Q

Fear

A

Behavioural and physiological responses to threatening situations

29
Q

Amygdala & Fear

A

Amygdala is important for learned fears
Damage to amygdala in rats
Shows normal startle reflex
Danger or safety signals do not modify reflex (don’t respond to fears e.g. stop fearing cats)

30
Q

Toxoplasma Gondii

A

Protozoan that infects many mammals but reproduces only in cats
Excrete eggs in feces, burrow into the ground and infect rats or mice
When enters a rodent, 50% of time it migrates to brain and damages amygdala
Rodent begins to not fear the cat, walks up to it and is eaten (cycle continues)

31
Q

Bed nucleus of the stria terminalis

A

Brain areas responsible for generalized emotional arousal

32
Q

Kluver-Bucy syndrome (damage to amygdala)

A

Monkeys become tame and placid
Attempts to do dangerous things they usually avoid (e.g. pick up fire or snake)
Display less fear of dominant monkeys, snakes, etc
Impaired social behaviours (don’t learn)

33
Q

Amygdala & Visual Stimuli

A

Responds strongly when people look at photos that arouse fear or photos of faces showing fear/anger
Response to frightened faces in under 74 ms (faster than facial recognition)
Responds most strongly when facial expression is more difficult to interpret
Respond more to anger when person is looking away
Respond more the fear when looking at you
Can show response to pleasant stimuli but less than to fear stimuli

34
Q

Urbach-Wiethe Disease

A

Accumulation of calcium in amygdala until it wastes away (genetic disorder)
Extensive damage to amygdala without much damage to surrounding areas

35
Q

Damage to Amygdala in Humans

A

Impaired at processing emotional info and learning what to fear
Eyes fail to attract attention (when instructed to look at eyes improved fear recognition)

36
Q

Areas Associated With Emotional Reactivity

A

Periaqueductal gray
Dorsal anterior cingulate cortex
Amygdala
Insula

37
Q

Explicit Emotion Regulation

A

Deliberate emotional control
Dorsolateral prefrontal cortex
Pre/somatosensory cortex
Parietal cortex
Ventrolateral prefrontal cortex

38
Q

Implicit Emotion Regulation

A

Context and habitual/reflexive responses
Ventral anterior cingulate cortex
Ventromedial prefrontal cortex

39
Q

Limbic System

A

Three different brains welded together
No agreed upon criteria for which brain areas are included

40
Q

Major Depressive Disorder

A

Depressed mood and loss of pleasure/interest + other criteria
Nucleus accumbens becomes less responsive to reward
Smile less at comedies or pleasant pictures
More prevalent in younger people

41
Q

Mechanisms of Depression

A

Brain derived neurotrophic factor: depression may cause lower BDNF
Gray matter volume: decrease with depression (ventromedial prefrontal cortex & hippocampus)
Glial cells: less astrocytes in prefrontal cortex, dysfunctional microglia (dorsolateral prefrontal cortex)
Stress: hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis (stress response) overactivity (excitotoxicity)
Inflammation: excessive amount of cytokines

42
Q

Depression & Genetics

A

Moderate heritability
Short serotonin transporter gene: increasing stressful events increased depression
Long serotonin transporter gene: less association between stressful events & depression

43
Q

Types of Antidepressants

A

Tricyclics
SSRIs
SNRIs
Monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs)
Atypical antidepressants
New: ketamine & st john’s wort

44
Q

Tricyclic

A

Synthetic compounds used for dyes in textile industry were found to treat health issues
Block/inhibit:
-Monoamine oxidase
-Transporters
-Histamine and acetylcholine receptors
-Nitric oxide synthesis
Side effects: tremors, movement disorders

45
Q

Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors (SSRIs)

A

Attach to center of serotonin transporter protein and lock it into a shape that prevents serotonin from binding to it
Milder side effects than tricyclics, with same effectiveness

46
Q

Selective Norepinephrine Reuptake Inhibitors (SNRIs)

A

Block reuptake of serotonin and norepinephrine
Improve certain aspects of memory

47
Q

Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors (MAOIs)

A

Monoamine oxidase: presynaptic enzyme metabolizes catecholamines and serotonin into inactive forms
Increase levels of monoamine neurotransmitters by inhibiting monoamine oxidase
Earliest antidepressants, no longer first choice
Must avoid foods with tyramine (e.g. cheese, raisins, etc. - increase blood pressure)
Side effects: hepatic and hypertension

48
Q

Atypical Antidepressants

A

Every other kind of antidepressants
Inhibits reuptake of dopamine and some norepinephrine (not serotonin)

49
Q

St John’s Wort

A

Nutritional supplement/herb
Reduce glutamate release
Reduce reuptake monoamines as well as GABA and glutamate
Increase synaptic availability for some monoamines (serotonin, dopamine)
Increase neuronal repair in hippocampus)
Change amount of monoamine receptors
Function as antiinflammatory agent
Increases liver enzyme that breaks down plant toxins & medicine (decreases effectiveness of other drugs)

50
Q

Monoamine Hypothesis

A

Norepinephrine -> catecholamine -> catecholamine hypothesis
Increasing monoamines in synaptic cleft decreases depression

51
Q

Issues With Monoamine Hypothesis

A

Depressed people don’t have low levels of serotonin at synapse
Cells that secrete serotonin have autoreceptors that would reduce any artificial increases in serotonin at synapse
Clinical response takes weeks (not mins or hours)

52
Q

Electroconvulsive Therapy

A

Electrically induced seizure, induce convulsions with large dose of insulin
Method of inducing seizures through electric shock to the head
Used for severe depression not responsive to other treatments
Typically applied every other day for two weeks
Given muscle relaxants or anesthetics to minimize discomfort and injury
Common side effect: memory impairment (limit shock to right hemisphere reduce risk)
Acts faster than other treatments but benefits not likely to persist
Increases proliferation of neurons in hippocampus and BDNF levels

53
Q

Bipolar I

A

Full manic episodes
Can include psychotic hallucinations

54
Q

Bipolar II

A

Hypomanic episodes
No psychotic hallucinations

55
Q

Bipolar Disorder Treatment

A

Lithium salts
Antipsychotics
Anticonvulsants
Supplementary strategies (e.g. diet, sleep, omega-3 fatty acids)

PSYCH261 (7 decks)

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