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PSYCH261 > Emotion & Mood Disorders > Flashcards

Emotion & Mood Disorders Flashcards

1
Q

Sympathetic Nervous System

A

Fight or flight response
Stimulates heart (vigorous activities)
Inhibits stomach and intestines (vegetative activities)

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2
Q

Parasympathetic Nervous System

A

Increases digestion and vegetative states
Save energy

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3
Q

William James’ Impact On Emotion Understanding

A

Pre William James: event - cognition/emotion - physiological changes
Post William James: event - physiological changes - cognition/emotion

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4
Q

James-Lange Theory

A

Autonomic arousal and skeletal actions come before emotion
Emotion is the label you give your responses
Cognitive aspect of emotion comes first (e.g. appraisal of something as good, bad, frightening, etc.)
Appraisal leads to appropriate action
Action leads to the feeling aspect
Emotion depends on somatosensory cortex
Current research supports

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5
Q

Walter Bradford Cannon

A

Emotion is added to simple sensations when the thalamic processes are roused
Thalamic disturbances contribute glow and colour to otherwise simple cognitive states
Same as James’ theory but with thalamus added

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6
Q

Support for James-Lange Theory

A

Distinct autonomic responses for different emotions
Pure autonomic failure (PAF)
Facial Feedback Hypothesis
Somatosensory areas and emotion recognition

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7
Q

Pure autonomic failure (PAF)

A

Subjects with PAF cannot modulate their bodily state via the autonomic nervous system because of peripheral autonomic denervation
Do not generate heart rate and blood pressure increases during exercise
Absent sympathetic skin conductance responsive to emotive stimuli
Diminished pupillary responses
Emotions are ‘blunted;

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8
Q

Facial Feedback Hypothesis

A

Furrow browns to bring the golf tees together led participants to feel more sadness (looking at a negative picture while doing this makes you feel like stimuli is more negative)
Pencil in mouth increases positive feelings

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9
Q

Somatosensory areas and emotion recognition

A

Lesions in right somatosensory related cortices were associated with impaired recognition for every emotion

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10
Q

Is Physiological Arousal Sufficient for Emotions

A

Physiological sensations seldom enough to produce emotional feelings
Physiological sensation increases feelings
Intensifies both pleasant and unpleasant emotions
Especially in people sensitive to their internal states
Emotions are embodied (emotions depend on responses of the body)

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11
Q

Emotion Brian Areas

A

No specific areas associated with one specific emotion

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12
Q

Basic Emotions

A

Main support of basic emotions is existence of facial expressions for emotions
People recognize expressions from their own culture better
Rarely identify someone’s emotion from expression alone

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13
Q

Behavioural activation system (BAS)

A

Marked by low to moderate autonomic arousal, tendency to approach (could characterize happiness or anger)
Increase activity in left hemisphere (frontal & temporal)

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14
Q

Behavioural inhibition system (BIS)

A

Increases attention and arousal, inhibits action, stimulates emotion such as fear and disgust
Increased activity in right hemisphere (frontal & temporal)

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15
Q

Hemisphere Activation & Personality

A

Greater activity in left hemisphere tend to be happier, more outgoing, more fun loving
Greater activity in right hemisphere tend to be socially withdrawn, less satisfied with life, prone to unpleasant emotion

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16
Q

Utilitarian Decision

A

Assess potential outcomes and choose the one with least costs

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17
Q

Brain Areas & Moral Decisions

A

Prefrontal cortex
Cingulate gyrus
React emotionally because you identify with person who is suffering/dying
People with strongest autonomic arousal least likely to make ‘logical’ decision to kill one and save five

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18
Q

Moral Decision Process

A

Compare utilitarian aspect and emotional aspect
Ventromedial part of prefrontal cortex active when comparing aspects

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19
Q

Ventromedial patients (damage)

A

Compromised ability to express emotion and experience feelings in situations where emotions would have been expected
Normal intellect & abnormal decision making, abnormalities in emotion and feeling

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20
Q

Iowa gambling task

A

Describe results: see notes

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21
Q

Testosterone & Aggression

A

Smaller role than expected
Higher testosterone tend to be more aggressive (both men and women)
Aggressive behaviour may depend on sudden burst of testosterone not baseline level

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22
Q

Serotonin & Aggression

A

Low serotonin turnover in people with history of violent behaviour (serotonin inhibits impulsive behaviour)
Recent studies show less consistent effects
Less tryptophan hydroxylase leads to more aggression
Less serotonin leads to more aggression
Knocking out serotonin transporters reduces aggression

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23
Q

Triple Imbalance Hypothesis

A

Low serotonin (reduced emotion regulation) + High testosterone & low cortisol (increased reactivity)
=Impulsive aggression

24
Q

Cortisol & Aggression

A

Cortisol inhibits aggression
Adrenal gland secretes cortisol during periods of stress and anxiety
Leads to cautious behaviour that conserves energy
Anger decreases cortisol levels

25
Other Hormones & Aggression
Increasing oxytocin reduces aggression Increasing vasopressin increases aggression
26
Moro Reflex
Sudden loud noise causes infant to arch back, extend arms and legs, cry
27
Startle Reflex
Loud noise triggers tensing/startling Used to measure anxiety
28
Fear
Behavioural and physiological responses to threatening situations
29
Amygdala & Fear
Amygdala is important for learned fears Damage to amygdala in rats Shows normal startle reflex Danger or safety signals do not modify reflex (don't respond to fears e.g. stop fearing cats)
30
Toxoplasma Gondii
Protozoan that infects many mammals but reproduces only in cats Excrete eggs in feces, burrow into the ground and infect rats or mice When enters a rodent, 50% of time it migrates to brain and damages amygdala Rodent begins to not fear the cat, walks up to it and is eaten (cycle continues)
31
Bed nucleus of the stria terminalis
Brain areas responsible for generalized emotional arousal
32
Kluver-Bucy syndrome (damage to amygdala)
Monkeys become tame and placid Attempts to do dangerous things they usually avoid (e.g. pick up fire or snake) Display less fear of dominant monkeys, snakes, etc Impaired social behaviours (don’t learn)
33
Amygdala & Visual Stimuli
Responds strongly when people look at photos that arouse fear or photos of faces showing fear/anger Response to frightened faces in under 74 ms (faster than facial recognition) Responds most strongly when facial expression is more difficult to interpret Respond more to anger when person is looking away Respond more the fear when looking at you Can show response to pleasant stimuli but less than to fear stimuli
34
Urbach-Wiethe Disease
Accumulation of calcium in amygdala until it wastes away (genetic disorder) Extensive damage to amygdala without much damage to surrounding areas
35
Damage to Amygdala in Humans
Impaired at processing emotional info and learning what to fear Eyes fail to attract attention (when instructed to look at eyes improved fear recognition)
36
Areas Associated With Emotional Reactivity
Periaqueductal gray Dorsal anterior cingulate cortex Amygdala Insula
37
Explicit Emotion Regulation
Deliberate emotional control Dorsolateral prefrontal cortex Pre/somatosensory cortex Parietal cortex Ventrolateral prefrontal cortex
38
Implicit Emotion Regulation
Context and habitual/reflexive responses Ventral anterior cingulate cortex Ventromedial prefrontal cortex
39
Limbic System
Three different brains welded together No agreed upon criteria for which brain areas are included
40
Major Depressive Disorder
Depressed mood and loss of pleasure/interest + other criteria Nucleus accumbens becomes less responsive to reward Smile less at comedies or pleasant pictures More prevalent in younger people
41
Mechanisms of Depression
Brain derived neurotrophic factor: depression may cause lower BDNF Gray matter volume: decrease with depression (ventromedial prefrontal cortex & hippocampus) Glial cells: less astrocytes in prefrontal cortex, dysfunctional microglia (dorsolateral prefrontal cortex) Stress: hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis (stress response) overactivity (excitotoxicity) Inflammation: excessive amount of cytokines
42
Depression & Genetics
Moderate heritability Short serotonin transporter gene: increasing stressful events increased depression Long serotonin transporter gene: less association between stressful events & depression
43
Types of Antidepressants
Tricyclics SSRIs SNRIs Monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs) Atypical antidepressants New: ketamine & st john's wort
44
Tricyclic
Synthetic compounds used for dyes in textile industry were found to treat health issues Block/inhibit: -Monoamine oxidase -Transporters -Histamine and acetylcholine receptors -Nitric oxide synthesis Side effects: tremors, movement disorders
45
Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors (SSRIs)
Attach to center of serotonin transporter protein and lock it into a shape that prevents serotonin from binding to it Milder side effects than tricyclics, with same effectiveness
46
Selective Norepinephrine Reuptake Inhibitors (SNRIs)
Block reuptake of serotonin and norepinephrine Improve certain aspects of memory
47
Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors (MAOIs)
Monoamine oxidase: presynaptic enzyme metabolizes catecholamines and serotonin into inactive forms Increase levels of monoamine neurotransmitters by inhibiting monoamine oxidase Earliest antidepressants, no longer first choice Must avoid foods with tyramine (e.g. cheese, raisins, etc. - increase blood pressure) Side effects: hepatic and hypertension
48
Atypical Antidepressants
Every other kind of antidepressants Inhibits reuptake of dopamine and some norepinephrine (not serotonin)
49
St John's Wort
Nutritional supplement/herb Reduce glutamate release Reduce reuptake monoamines as well as GABA and glutamate Increase synaptic availability for some monoamines (serotonin, dopamine) Increase neuronal repair in hippocampus) Change amount of monoamine receptors Function as antiinflammatory agent Increases liver enzyme that breaks down plant toxins & medicine (decreases effectiveness of other drugs)
50
Monoamine Hypothesis
Norepinephrine -> catecholamine -> catecholamine hypothesis Increasing monoamines in synaptic cleft decreases depression
51
Issues With Monoamine Hypothesis
Depressed people don’t have low levels of serotonin at synapse Cells that secrete serotonin have autoreceptors that would reduce any artificial increases in serotonin at synapse Clinical response takes weeks (not mins or hours)
52
Electroconvulsive Therapy
Electrically induced seizure, induce convulsions with large dose of insulin Method of inducing seizures through electric shock to the head Used for severe depression not responsive to other treatments Typically applied every other day for two weeks Given muscle relaxants or anesthetics to minimize discomfort and injury Common side effect: memory impairment (limit shock to right hemisphere reduce risk) Acts faster than other treatments but benefits not likely to persist Increases proliferation of neurons in hippocampus and BDNF levels
53
Bipolar I
Full manic episodes Can include psychotic hallucinations
54
Bipolar II
Hypomanic episodes No psychotic hallucinations
55
Bipolar Disorder Treatment
Lithium salts Antipsychotics Anticonvulsants Supplementary strategies (e.g. diet, sleep, omega-3 fatty acids)

PSYCH261 (7 decks)

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