Memory Key Studies Flashcards
Multi-store model- study that supports the coding of long and short term memory?
Baddeley- investigated whether LTM encodes acoustically or semantically. LAB. Condition A- 10 acoustically similar words and condition B- acoustically dissimilar woods. Condition C- 10 semantically similar, Condition D- 10 semantically dissimilar words. Given another task to prevent recall and then copied sequences and then given a surprise retest on their condition.
Multi-store model- study that supports the capacity of STM?
Jacobs- digit span test using numbers and letters.
Repeat back a string of numbers and letters in the same order while the sequence was gradually increased until they could no longer recall it.
Average span of 7.3 letter and 9.3 words which supports millers 7+/-2.
Multi-store model- study which supports the duration of STM?
Peterson and Peterson- trigram
Recall 3 letter trigrams and had to count backwards from a random number to prevent recall and then asked to repeat the trigram.
Found that the longer the interval the less accurate recall- 3 secs 80% were correctly recalled. At 18 secs only 10% were.
Multi store model- study which supports the duration of LTM?
Bahrick- photos from yearbook, 392 US uni graduates. Given names and had to match pics with names.
Found that 90% were able to correctly match after 14 years of grad
60% were able to match after 47 years of grad.
Names and faces have a lifetime duration and are semantically encoded which supports the MSM.
Multi store model- study which supports it?
Baddeley.
Multi store model- study which contradicts it? (ALSO SUPPORTS WMM)
Shallice and Warrington-
brain-damaged patient KF could recall verbal but not visual information immediately after its presentation, which supports the WMM’s claim that separate short-term stores manage short-term phonological and visual memories.
Case studies that support different types of LTM?
HM- surgery to cure is epilepsy, side effect was that he was unable to form new memories showing the operation which was performed on a certain area of the brain was the area which forms memories which supports the idea that LTM has separate stores for memory and is more complex than the MSM.
Clive Wearing- impaired STM of 7 secs. Poorer than average. Unable to rehearse new info, and cant transfer LTM. He cannot distinguish the tastes of foods, but is able to remember procedural memories. Shows how the LTM and STM stores must be independent as one is working better than the other for Clive.
Study that supports interference theory?
McGeoch and McDonald- two lists- one which were related words the other which were not and they found that learning unrelated info produced less impairment. Learning the related list of words was only 12%.
Study that supports retrieval failure?
Godden and Baddeley- deep sea divers. Learnt on beach or underwater. Recall was best when the divers recalled in the same environment they had learnt it.
Experiment is extreme so he realise that it is rare for contexts to be so different as to be important. Contact probably plays a minimal role in aiding recall.
Study that supports misleading info- leading questions?
Loftus and Palmer- 45 us students, car crash vids, speed of cars, manipulated verb used- smashed collided, bumped, hit and contacted. Smashed was 40.5MPH but contacted was 31.8MPH. A single word can fact the accuracy of our judgements and EWT is affected by leading questions.
Study that supports misleading info- post event discussion?
Gabbert-
60 students from the University of Aberdeen and 60 older adults recruited from a local community.
video of a girl stealing money from a wallet. either tested individually (control group) or in pairs (co-witness group).
co-witness group were told that they had watched the same video, however they had in fact seen different perspectives of the same crime and only one person had actually witnessed the girl stealing. Participants in the co-witness group discussed the crime together. All of the participants then completed a questionnaire.
71% in co-witness group recalled info they hadn’t seen and 60% said the girl was guilty even though the didn’t see her committing a crime.
Study that supports factors in EWT- anxiety reducing accuracy?
Loftus et al- reported findings of Johnson and Scott.
Those who had witness the man holding a pen correctly identified the target 49% of the time, compared to those who had witness the man holding a knife, who correctly identified the target 33% of the time. Loftus claimed that the participants who were exposed to the knife had higher levels of anxiety and were more likely to focus their attention on the weapon and not the face of the target, a phenomenon known as the weapon focus effect.
Study that supports factors in EWT- anxiety increasing accuracy?
Yuille and Cutshall- gun shooting outside a gun shop in Canada. A thief stole guns and money but was shot 6 times and died. The police interviewed witnesses, and thirteen of them were re-interviewed five months later. Recall was found to be accurate, even after a long time, and two misleading questions inserted by the research team had no effect on recall accuracy.
2 main points There are cases of real-life recall where memory for an anxious / stressful event is accurate, even some months later.
- Misleading questions need not have the same effect as has been found in laboratory studies (e.g. Loftus & Palmer).
Study that supports using the Cognitive Interview to increase the accuracy of EWT?
Kohnken et al conducted a meta analysis of 53 studies and found a 34% increase in correct recall using the cognitive interview compared with standard interview techniques.
