Memory - ICU OSCE Flashcards
Obstruction of blood flow through a major vein, often due to a tumor.
Superior vena cava syndrome
A serious condition in which the inner layer of the aorta tears.
Aortic dissection
A potentially life-threatening heart rhythm disorder often associated with a characteristic pattern on an EKG, which may include ST-segment elevation in the right precordial leads (V1 to V3). The syndrome can lead to ventricular fibrillation and sudden cardiac death, particularly during sleep. The disorder is often genetic, with certain mutations affecting the sodium ion channels in the heart cells.
Brugada syndrome
A hormone produced by your heart and blood vessels that is often measured to evaluate and manage heart conditions.
B type natriuretic peptide
A treatment for heart failure that involves the use of a type of pacemaker that can pace both the left and right ventricles so that they work together, more efficiently.
Cardiac resynchronization therapy (Biventricular pacing)
A rare type of heart failure that occurs during the last month of pregnancy or up to five months after giving birth.
Peripartum cardiomyopathy
The heart’s ventricles become rigid and don’t expand as they fill with blood, leading to reduced blood flow.
Restrictive cardiomyopathy
A condition where the pericardium becomes thickened and calcified, preventing the heart from expanding and filling with blood properly.
Constrictive pericarditis
A condition characterized by simultaneous kidney and heart failure while the primarily failing organ may be either organ system.
Cardiorenal syndrome
A type of pericarditis. Often occurs after heart surgery or a heart attack.
Dressler’s syndrome
A classification system used to quantify the extent of heart failure, ranging from Class I (no limitation of physical activity) to Class IV (unable to carry out any physical activity without discomfort).
New York Heart Association classification
Medical devices that use electrical impulses to regulate the beating of the heart.
Pacemakers
An excess of fluid between the heart and the sac surrounding the heart.
Pericardial effusion
A serious medical condition in which blood or fluids fill the space between the sac that encases the heart and the heart muscle, leading to decreased cardiac output.
Pericardial tamponade
Inflammation of the thin sac-like membrane surrounding the heart, often causing chest pain and other symptoms.
Pericarditis
Also known as variant angina or vasospastic angina, it is a type of angina (chest pain) caused by spasms in the coronary arteries, which supply blood to the heart muscle.
Prinzmetal’s angina
Retinal hemorrhages with white or pale centers, often indicative of endocarditis.
Roth spots
Specific form of polymorphic ventricular tachycardia in patients with a long QT interval.
Torsades de pointes
A hole in the wall separating the ventricles of the heart.
Ventricular septal defect
A rare autoimmune disorder characterized by the presence of circulating anti-glomerular basement membrane antibodies, leading to rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis and often accompanied by pulmonary hemorrhage.
Goodpasture’s syndrome
A rare autoimmune condition that causes inflammation of small and medium-sized blood vessels in persons with a history of airway allergic hypersensitivity (atopy).
Churg Strauss syndrome; eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis
A rare disease causing inflammation of small and medium-sized blood vessels in various organs, previously known as Wegener’s granulomatosis.
Granulomatosis with polyangiitis
Now known as granulomatosis with polyangiitis, a rare disease causing inflammation of blood vessels.
Wegener’s granulomatosis
Autoantibodies that target the genetic material within cells, often associated with lupus.
AntidsDNA
Autoantibodies that target a specific structure in the kidneys, often associated with Goodpasture’s syndrome.
AntiGBM
Autoantibodies often present in certain types of vasculitis, also known as P-ANCA, associated with conditions like microscopic polyangiitis and Churg-Strauss syndrome (eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis).
AntiMPO
Autoantibodies often present in certain types of vasculitis.
Antineutrophil cytoplasmic (ANCA)
Autoantibodies that bind to contents of the cell nucleus, often present in various autoimmune diseases.
Antinuclear (ANA)
A condition in which red blood cells are destroyed and removed from the bloodstream before their normal lifespan is over.
Hemolytic anemia
A complication that can occur after a stem cell or bone marrow transplant in which the newly transplanted donor cells attack the transplant recipient’s body.
Graft versus host disease (GVHD)
A condition that results from the abnormal premature destruction of red blood cells, leading to kidney failure and low platelet count.
Hemolytic uremic syndrome
An immune complication of heparin therapy that can cause low platelet count and increase the risk of blood clots.
Heparin induced thrombocytopenia
Conditions in which the blood has an increased tendency to clot.
Hypercoagulable states
A blood disorder characterized by an increased level of a specific form of hemoglobin that is unable to effectively release oxygen to tissues, often leading to cyanosis.
Methemoglobinemia
A disorder characterized by small blood clots throughout the body, low platelet count, hemolytic anemia, and organ damage. Often associated with a deficiency of ADAMTS13 enzyme.
Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura
Acute lung injury following transfusion.
Transfusion-related acute lung injury (TRALI)
Metabolic abnormalities due to rapid cancer cell death, often after chemotherapy, can lead to renal failure
Tumor lysis syndrome
Most common transfusion reaction, characterized by fever and chills post blood transfusion, not involving red cell hemolysis
Febrile Nonhemolytic Transfusion Reactions
Obstruction of venous flow, results in facial and upper extremity swelling, dyspnea, distended neck veins. Often a sign of thoracic malignancy
SVC Syndrome
A distinctive cellular inclusion in the cytoplasm of myeloid blast cells seen in certain forms of leukemia.
Auer rod
Abnormal structures seen in red blood cells under certain conditions, often associated with G6PD deficiency, leading to a type of anemia.
Heinz bodies
Fragmented red blood cells, often seen in hemolytic anemias.
Schistocytes
A kidney disorder causing the spaces between the kidney tubules to become swollen and inflamed.
Acute interstitial nephritis
A calculation used in the management of hypernatremia, indicating the amount of water needed to correct serum sodium concentration.
Free water deficit
Poisoning from ingestion, inhalation, or skin absorption of a specific type of alcohol, often associated with homemade or poorly made alcoholic beverages, can lead to serious health issues including blindness.
Methanol intoxication
An inherited disorder causing clusters of abnormal growths to develop primarily within your kidneys, leading to enlargement and loss of function over time.
Polycystic kidney disease
Excessive release of a specific hormone leading to hyponatremia.
Syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone (SIADH)
A kidney disorder resulting from damage to the renal tubular cells, often due to ischemia or exposure to nephrotoxins, leading to acute kidney injury.
Acute tubular necrosis
A type of renal replacement therapy for people with acute kidney failure, providing slower, continuous treatment compared to intermittent hemodialysis.
Continuous venovenous hemofiltration
A condition characterized by hypercalcemia and systemic alkalosis due to excessive intake of calcium and absorbable antacids.
Milk alkali syndrome
An equation used to assess the cause of low oxygen levels in the blood.
A-a gradient
A medical condition characterized by bleeding into the alveoli of the lung.
Diffuse alveolar hemorrhage
A collapsed lung, which occurs when air leaks into the pleura
Pneumothorax
A condition where the ratio of air flow to blood flow in the lungs is imbalanced, often seen in obstructive or restrictive lung diseases.
V/Q mismatch
Dyspnea that worsens in the upright position, often related to cardiovascular or pulmonary abnormalities
Platypnea
Airway device often a secondary option when endotracheal intubation fails or is not feasible
Supraglottic Airway
A type of supraglottic airway device
Laryngeal Mask Airway (LMA)
Lung edema due to strong inspiratory effort against a closed airway, often post-obstruction
Negative Pressure Pulmonary Edema (NPPE)
Graphs in mechanical ventilation, showing respiratory patterns and providing quantitative measurements.
Waveforms and Scalers
Damage to the brain due to lack of oxygen.
Anoxic brain injury
A type of traumatic brain injury where a buildup of blood occurs between the brain’s outer layer and the skull.
Epidural hematoma
A type of oculocephalic reflex where the eyes move contralaterally to head movement, indicating intact brainstem function.
Doll’s eyes
A widely-used neurological scoring system for quantifying level of consciousness, evaluating eye, verbal, and motor responses.
Glasgow Coma Scale
An autoimmune disease, often precipitated by infections, resulting in acute ascending motor weakness due to inflammation of peripheral nerves.
Guillain-Barré syndrome
An accumulation of blood between the dura mater and arachnoid layer of the meninges, often resulting from head trauma. Appears as a crescent-shaped hyperdense or hypodense lesion on CT scan.
Subdural hematoma
A type of intracranial hemorrhage, typically caused by aneurysm rupture and commonly presenting with ‘thunderclap’ headache.
Subarachnoid hemorrhage
A rare motility disorder of the esophagus, impeding the normal passage of food and liquids into the stomach.
Achalasia
A classification method used to determine the severity and prognosis of chronic liver diseases, including cirrhosis.
Child Turcotte Pugh scoring system
Bacterial infection of the biliary tract, commonly associated with obstructive gallstones in the common bile duct.
Cholangitis
Inflammatory condition of the gallbladder, frequently associated with obstruction of the cystic duct by a gallstone.
Cholecystitis
Also known as Ogilvie syndrome, a condition characterized by dilatation of the colon without physical obstruction.
Colonic pseudo-obstruction
A condition in which small outpouchings form along the colon, typically without causing symptoms.
Diverticulosis
A complication of diverticulosis where diverticula become inflamed or infected, causing abdominal discomfort, fever, and altered bowel habits.
Diverticulitis
Difficulty or discomfort during swallowing.
Dysphagia
A condition where stomach emptying is delayed due to impaired gastric motility.
Gastroparesis
A metabolic disorder characterized by excessive dietary iron absorption, leading to iron overload in the body.
Hemochromatosis
A syndrome characterized by rapid worsening of kidney function, typically seen in individuals with severe liver disease, often related to cirrhosis.
Hepatorenal syndrome
An acute reduction of blood flow to the mesenteric arteries, which supply blood to the intestines.
Mesenteric ischemia acute
A clinical sign characterized by pain upon release of palpation of the gallbladder, suggesting cholecystitis.
Murphy’s sign
A condition, also known as acute colonic pseudo-obstruction, characterized by dilatation of the colon without mechanical obstruction.
Ogilvie’s syndrome
اوجولفيز
Elevated pressure in the portal vein.
Portal hypertension
A clot in the portal vein.
Portal vein thrombosis (PVT)
A bacterial infection of the ascitic fluid, common in individuals with cirrhosis.
Spontaneous bacterial peritonitis
Bleeding into the biliary tree, often presents with gastrointestinal bleeding and jaundice, frequently due to liver trauma or interventions
Haemobilia
Small volume enteral nutrition, used to maintain gut integrity and stimulate motility, often in critically ill patients
Trophic Feeds
A broader term for a condition in which the adrenal glands do not produce sufficient amounts of steroid hormones. While Addison’s disease refers to primary adrenal insufficiency (damage to the adrenal glands themselves), adrenal insufficiency can also be secondary, caused by a lack of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) from the pituitary gland.
Adrenal insufficiency
A rare disorder that disrupts the balance of water in the body, leading to intense thirst and heavy urination.
Diabetes insipidus
A more general term that describes a condition in which the adrenal gland releases excessive amounts of the hormone aldosterone. While Conn’s syndrome is one cause of this, it can also result from other causes such as adrenal hyperplasia. This condition can lead to high blood pressure and low potassium levels.
Hyperaldosteronism
A condition in which the pituitary gland fails to produce adequate hormones due to severe blood loss during childbirth, resulting in symptoms such as fatigue, difficulty breastfeeding, and loss of menstrual periods.
Sheehan’s syndrome
A bacterial skin infection that appears as a red, swollen, and painful area, often warm to the touch, that expands over time. This common infection can become serious if not treated promptly.
Cellulitis
A bacterial infection that can cause symptoms ranging from mild diarrhea to life-threatening colitis, typically following antibiotic use.
Clostridioides difficile infection
A genus of fungus that can cause infection typically in people with a weakened immune system. It can infect the lungs and can spread to other parts of the body, such as the brain and spinal cord, causing meningitis.
Cryptococcus
A common virus that can infect almost anyone, often causing mild illness or no symptoms. However, it can cause serious health problems in people with weakened immune systems and in babies infected before birth. This virus is of particular concern in transplant recipients, where it can lead to organ rejection.
Cytomegalovirus
A viral infection endemic to tropical regions worldwide, transmitted by Aedes aegypti mosquito bite. Symptoms can include sudden high fever, severe headache, pain behind the eyes, severe joint and muscle pain and skin rash. Severe cases may progress to hemorrhagic fever.
Dengue
A fungal infection most commonly seen in individuals with weakened immune systems and can cause serious complications, such as sinusitis, pulmonary infection, and brain infection.
Mucormycosis (Mucor infection)
A severe bacterial infection that results in the death of the affected soft tissue. Commonly referred to as ‘flesh-eating’ disease, it can spread quickly in the body and can be fatal.
Necrotizing fasciitis
A type of pneumonia most common in individuals with weakened immune systems. It is characterized by shortness of breath, fever, and a dry cough. Diagnosis is often suggested by a ground-glass appearance on chest X-rays and confirmed by identification of the organism in sputum or bronchoalveolar lavage fluid.
Pneumocystis jiroveci pneumonia
A severe illness primarily caused by toxin-producing strains of the bacterium Staphylococcus aureus, and sometimes by other types of bacteria. Symptoms may include fever, rash, skin peeling, and low blood pressure, and can be rapidly progressive and life-threatening.
Toxic shock syndrome
Criteria used for diagnosing infective endocarditis
Duke Criteria
A reaction, often to an allergen, that causes swelling deep under the skin, especially around the eyes and lips, and on the hands, feet, and genitals. Unlike hives, the skin is not typically itchy but may be painful.
Angioedema
A bluish discoloration of the skin resulting from poor circulation or inadequate oxygenation of the blood.
Cyanosis
A rare syndrome which can result in cardiac failure, rhabdomyolysis, metabolic acidosis, and kidney failure, and is associated with the administration of high-dose propofol for sedation.
Propofol infusion syndrome
Metabolic disturbance due to reintroduction of nutrition in malnourished patients.
Refeeding syndrome
Tissue damage caused by freezing, typically affects extremities, can lead to permanent damage if severe
Frostbite
A brand name for a common antiviral medication, specifically targets influenza viruses
Tamiflu
Monobactam antibiotic, effective against gram-negative bacteria, safe in penicillin-allergic patients
Aztreonam
Broad-spectrum beta-lactam antibiotics, highly effective against multi-drug resistant bacteria, includes drugs like imipenem and meropenem
Carbapenems
Often used in tumor lysis syndrome. Contraindicated in G6PD
Rasburicase
Rare, severe complication of prolonged propofol anesthesia, characterized by metabolic acidosis, rhabdomyolysis, and cardiac failure
Propofol Infusion Syndrome
Antifungal medication, this form reduces toxicity, used in systemic fungal infections.
Liposomal Amphotericin B
Used as a last resort for cancer or severe infection when other treatments have failed
Salvage Therapy
The rate and extent at which a drug is absorbed into the systemic circulation, crucial for its effectiveness
Bioavailability
A rapid method of administering medications and fluids through the bone marrow, used in emergency situations
Intraosseous Access
A diagnostic test that measures the viscoelastic properties of blood clots, used to assess coagulation
Thromboelastography (TEG®)
Another method for testing blood coagulation, focusing on the kinetics and stability of clot formation
Rotational Thromboelastometry (ROTEM®)
A quick test to assess peripheral perfusion and circulatory status by measuring the time taken for color to return to an external capillary bed after pressure is applied
Capillary Refill Time
A biomarker that significantly rises in the bloodstream with bacterial infections, aiding in the diagnosis of sepsis
Procalcitonin
A surgical procedure involving an incision into the abdominal cavity, often for diagnosis or treatment of abdominal disorders
Laparotomy
The surgical removal of adhesions, which are bands of scar tissue that can form between abdominal tissues and organs
Adhesiolysis
A surgical procedure connecting two parts of the intestine to reestablish the continuity of the gastrointestinal tract
Bowel Anastomosis
A surgically created opening in the body for the discharge of body wastes
Ostomy
An alkalinizing agent used in medical settings to treat conditions like metabolic acidosis and certain drug overdoses
Sodium Bicarbonate
Used in treating local anesthetic systemic toxicity, working by encapsulating and neutralizing the toxic substances
Lipid Emulsion
Administered as an antidote in cases of beta-blocker or calcium channel blocker overdose, helping to increase heart rate and blood pressure
Glucagon
A medication used to treat hyperthyroidism by decreasing the production of thyroid hormones
Propylthiouracil
Another thyroid medication, similar to propylthiouracil, that inhibits the synthesis of thyroid hormones
Methimazole
A condition where a person feels as if they or the environment around them is spinning, often related to inner ear problems
Vertigo
A temporary loss of consciousness typically caused by a sudden decrease in blood flow to the brain
Syncope
A form of low blood pressure that happens when standing up from sitting or lying down, often causing dizziness or fainting
Orthostatic Hypotension
A medication used to treat heart failure, functioning as a phosphodiesterase inhibitor to increase cardiac output
Milirinone
A specialized tube used for gastric decompression in cases of gastrointestinal hemorrhage
Blackmore Tube
A potent vasodilator used in the treatment of pulmonary arterial hypertension
Epoprostenol
A mechanical device used in cardiology to increase myocardial oxygen perfusion and improve cardiac output
IABP (Intra-Aortic Balloon Pump)
A characteristic notch in the arterial pulse waveform, reflecting the closure of the aortic valve
Dicrotic Notch
Removal of fluid from the abdominal cavity, often used to diagnose or relieve symptoms in ascites.
Paracentesis
Aspiration of fluid or air from the pleural space, typically for diagnostic or therapeutic reasons related to pleural effusion.
Thoracentesis
The extraction of fluid from the pericardial sac, often critical in cases of cardiac tamponade.
Pericardiocentesis
The yellowish appearance of cerebrospinal fluid, indicative of a subarachnoid hemorrhage when detected several hours after symptom onset.
Xanthochromia
An abnormal bulge that occurs in the wall of the aorta.
Aortic aneurysm
A collection of three medical signs associated with acute cardiac tamponade: low arterial blood pressure, distended neck veins, and distant, muffled heart sounds.
Beck’s triad
A temporary heart condition often brought on by stress, where the heart muscle becomes suddenly weakened or stunned.
Takotsubo cardiomyopathy
Painful, red, raised lesions found on the hands and feet, associated with a number of medical conditions, including infective endocarditis.
Osler’s nodes
A complication of a specific type of heart attack, where one of the muscles in the heart breaks down, potentially leading to severe regurgitation and heart failure.
Papillary muscle rupture
A condition characterized by the presence of an additional electrical pathway in the heart, leading to episodes of rapid heart rate (tachycardia). It’s identifiable by a specific pattern on an EKG, called a ‘delta wave,’ which is a slurred upstroke in the QRS complex. This syndrome can cause symptoms such as palpitations, dizziness, or shortness of breath. Although usually present from birth, it may not cause symptoms until adolescence or adulthood.
Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome
Autoantibodies often present in a specific syndrome, which is associated with increased risk of blood clots.
Antiphospholipid
Autoantibodies specifically associated only with lupus, other than Anti-dsDNA,
AntiSm
Autoantibodies often present in autoimmune hepatitis.
Antismooth muscle
A subtype of antiphospholipid antibodies, associated with clotting events and recurrent miscarriages, commonly seen in autoimmune diseases like lupus.
Anticardiolipin
A rare condition resulting from venous thrombosis in the lower extremities, which can lead to venous gangrene if not treated promptly.
Phlegmasia cerulea dolens
Condition resulting from traumatic or non-traumatic muscle injury. Features include dark urine, muscle pain, and weakness. Elevated levels of creatine kinase (CK), myoglobinuria, potential acute kidney injury. Causes range from crush injuries, intense exercise, to certain medications and toxins.
Rhabdomyolysis
A type of renal replacement therapy, Longer duration than standard hemodialysis but less continuous than CRRT, offering a middle ground in efficiency and hemodynamic stability
Sustained Low Efficiency Dialysis (SLED)
A reaction to a certain fungus leading to inflammation of the airways and air sacs of the lungs.
Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis
A potentially deadly condition caused by breathing a certain gas which prevents oxygen from being utilized in the body.
Carbon monoxide poisoning
A clinical sign in which forced flexion of the neck induces involuntary flexion of the knee and hip, often associated with meningitis.
Brudzinski’s sign
A physiological nervous system response to increased intracranial pressure, resulting in an increase in blood pressure, irregular respirations, and bradycardia.
Cushing’s reflex
A physical examination procedure, also known as the “doll’s eye” maneuver, used to test for brainstem activity in comatose patients.
Oculocephalic maneuver
A form of paraneoplastic syndrome characterized by autoimmune attack on presynaptic voltage-gated calcium channels, leading to muscle weakness and often associated with small cell lung cancer.
Eaton-Lambert syndrome
An autoimmune disorder causing skeletal muscle fatigue and weakness due to antibodies against acetylcholine receptors at the neuromuscular junction.
Myasthenia gravis
Brain disorder from rapid correction of hyponatremia, leads to demyelination in brainstem
Osmotic Demyelination Syndrome? , Central Pontine Myelinolysis?
Severe reaction to antipsychotic drugs, characterized by fever, muscle rigidity, and altered mental status
Neuroleptic Malignant Syndrome (NMS)
A condition associated with brain injury or surgery, leads to hyponatremia and urinary sodium excretion. Differentiated from SIADH by hypovolemia
Cerebral Salt Wasting (CSW)
Acute, severe hypertension in spinal cord injury patients, triggered by noxious stimuli below injury level
Autonomic Dysreflexia
Increased blood flow usually following revascularization procedures, can lead to tissue damage and neurological symptoms
Hyperperfusion Syndrome
A condition where the esophageal lining undergoes metaplastic change, adopting characteristics similar to intestinal lining, often due to chronic acid reflux.
Barrett’s esophagus
An emergent condition where forceful emesis causes a spontaneous tear in the esophagus.
Boerhaave syndrome
بور
هاف
A liver condition characterized by blockage of the hepatic veins, disrupting the outflow of blood from the liver.
Budd-Chiari syndrome
A triad of clinical symptoms typically seen in ascending cholangitis: jaundice, right upper quadrant abdominal pain, and fever.
Charcot’s triad
A periumbilical ecchymosis, frequently associated with severe pancreatitis.
Cullen’s sign
A medical device inserted through the abdominal wall that provides nutrition directly to the stomach.
Gastrostomy tubes
A sign of retroperitoneal hemorrhage, characterized by flank ecchymosis or bruising.
Grey Turner’s sign
A syndrome characterized by dyspnea and hypoxemia resulting from intrapulmonary vascular dilatations in patients with liver disease.
Hepatopulmonary syndrome
A condition characterized by the excessive accumulation of fat in the liver, typically associated with obesity, diabetes, hyperlipidemia, or hypertriglyceridemia.
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD)
Elevated blood pressure in the arteries supplying the lungs, often seen in individuals with advanced liver disease.
Portopulmonary hypertension
A calculation used to determine the cause of ascites based on serum and ascitic fluid albumin levels.
Serum-ascites albumin gradient (SAAG)
A severe complication of inflammatory bowel disease or infection, resulting in rapid enlargement and potential perforation of the colon.
Toxic megacolon
A genetic disorder characterized by abnormal copper metabolism, leading to copper accumulation in tissues and resulting in neurological, psychiatric symptoms, and liver disease.
Wilson disease
A condition specifically characterized by the adrenal glands not producing sufficient hormones, particularly cortisol and aldosterone. This deficiency is primarily due to damage to the adrenal cortex, often caused by an autoimmune disease. Symptoms can include fatigue, low blood pressure, and hyperpigmentation.
Addison’s disease
A clinical sign indicating nerve hyperexcitability due to low calcium levels (hypocalcemia), often characterized by twitching of the facial muscles in response to tapping over the area of the facial nerve.
Chvostek’s sign
A serious complication of diabetes, characterized by extremely high blood sugar levels, severe dehydration, and concentration of the blood, often triggered by infection or illness.
Hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state
A severe form of hypothyroidism, characterized by swelling in the hands, face, and feet due to an accumulation of mucopolysaccharides in the skin and other tissues.
Myxedema
A rare, usually benign tumor that develops in an adrenal gland. The tumor can cause the release of excessive amounts of certain hormones leading to symptoms such as high blood pressure, heavy sweating, and rapid heart rate.
Pheochromocytoma
A sign of latent tetany due to hypocalcemia, induced by inflating a blood pressure cuff on the arm above systolic pressure for 3 minutes, leading to a carpal spasm.
Trousseau’s sign
An infection that occurs when bacteria enter the body through a central line.
Central line associated bloodstream infection (CLABSI)
A type of necrotizing fasciitis that rapidly spreads and causes tissue death in the external genital or perineal regions. This severe infection often requires prompt surgery and can be life-threatening.
Fournier’s gangrene
A condition where cholesterol crystals become lodged in small blood vessels and cause blockage, often triggered by certain medical procedures like angiography or vascular surgery.
Cholesterol emboli syndrome
A serious condition that involves increased pressure in a muscle area, leading to reduced blood flow which can lead to muscle and nerve damage.
Compartment syndrome
A condition that results from exposure to a high dose of a specific toxic compound, which prevents cells from using oxygen, leading to cell death.
Cyanide poisoning
A severe form of alcohol withdrawal that involves sudden and severe mental or nervous system changes.
Delirium tremens
Neurological disorder due to thiamine deficiency, often in alcoholics.
Wernicke’s encephalopathy
Arterial vasodilator, primarily used to treat hypertension, may cause drug-induced lupus erythematosus
Hydralazine
Older class of antidepressants, known for their anticholinergic effects.
Tricyclic Antidepressants
Macrolide antibiotic, used specifically for Clostridioides difficile infections
Fidaxomicin
Used to treat malignant hyperthermia and neuroleptic malignant syndrome
Dantrolene
Mood stabilizer, primarily used in bipolar disorder, causes nephrogenic DI
Lithium
