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21PSY-2AL-D1 - MH > Memory: Factors Affecting The Accuracy Of Eyewitness Testimony TW > Flashcards

Memory: Factors Affecting The Accuracy Of Eyewitness Testimony TW Flashcards

1
Q

What are 2 factors affecting eyewitness testimony?

A
  1. Misleading information
  2. Anxiety
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2
Q

What are 2 examples of “misleading information”?

A
  1. Leading questions
  2. Post-event discussion
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3
Q

Leading questions is an example of what factor affecting EWT?

A

Misleading information

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4
Q

Post-event discussion is an example of what factor affecting EWT?

A

Misleading information

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5
Q

What is a ‘leading question’

A

A question that wrongly implies something about an event

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6
Q

“A question which wrongly implies something about an event” is referring to…

A

Leading questions

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7
Q

Who investigated the effect of leading questions on the accuracy of EWT?

A

Loftus + Palmer

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8
Q

Loftus + Palmer investigated which factor affecting the accuracy of EWT?

A

Leading questions

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9
Q

What method did Loftus + Palmer use to study leading questions?

A

Lab experiment

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10
Q

What was the aim of Loftus + Palmer’s experiment?

A

To investigate how the phrasing of a question can affect participants memory of an event

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11
Q

Name all of the verbs used in Loftus + Palmers experiment

A

Smashed
Hit
Collided
Bumped
Contacted

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12
Q

How many verbs were used in Loftus + Palmers experiment?

A

5

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13
Q

Which of the following was NOT a verb used in Loftus and Palmers experiment?

Collided, slammed, bumped, contacted, smashed

A

Slammed

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14
Q

Which verb produced the highest mean speed in Loftus + Palmer’s research?

A

Smashed

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15
Q

What was the mean speed estimate when the verb was smashed in Loftus + Palmer’s research?

A

40.8 mph

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16
Q

What was the mean speed estimate when the verb used was contacted in Loftus and Palmer’s research?

A

31.8 mph

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17
Q

What was the IV of Loftus + Palmers experiment?

A

The verb used in the critical question

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18
Q

What was the DV in Loftus + Palmers experiment?

A

The participants speed estimates in mph

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19
Q

AO3: Loftus + Palmer used a lab experiment. Name one STRENGTH of using a lab experimental method.

A

High control over extraneous variables - high in internal validity

OR

Uses standardised instructions, which can be repeated - high in reliability

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20
Q

AO3: Loftus + Palmer showed participants a video of a car crash - how could this be criticised? Why is this a problem?

A

Mundane realism - artificial task of watching video of car crash unlike real life - low in external validity

21
Q

What two ways does post-event discussion affect accuracy of EWT?

A
  1. Memory contamination
  2. Memory conformity
22
Q

Memory contamination is where co-witnesses memory of an event is altered because they __________ information from other witnesses

A

Combine

23
Q

What explanation of conformity would explain a witness going along with another witness’ version of events to be liked?

A

Normative social influence

24
Q

What explanation of conformity would explain a witness going along with another witness because they believe the other is right?

A

Informational social influence

25
Q

In what 2 ways can memory conformity influence EWT?

A

Witnesses change recall to be liked (NSI)

AND

Witnesses change recall to be right (ISI)

26
Q

Who found that anxiety has a negative effect on accuracy of EWT?

A

Johnson + Scott

27
Q

Who found that anxiety has a positive effect on the accuracy of EWT?

A

Christianson + Hubinette

28
Q

A theory to explain the differences between Johnson + Scott and Christianson + Hubinette’s research is…

A

The Yerkes Dodson Law

29
Q

This proposes that anxiety and the accuracy of EWT is not a simple relationship

A

The Yerkes Dodson Law

30
Q

Research such as Johnson & Scott can be criticised on ethical issues because …

A

it provokes anxiety which could cause psychological harm

31
Q

How can Christianson + Hubinette’s research be criticised?

A

They interviewed participants (4-15) months after the bank robbery and so post-event discussion may have taken place

32
Q

The Yerkes Dodson Law suggests that if you have too little levels of anxiety…

A

Accuracy of EWT will be poor

33
Q

How does the Yerkes Dodson Law suggests too much anxiety will affect accuracy of EWT?

A

Negatively - poor accuracy of EWT

34
Q

What does the following graph suggest about having anxiety and task performance (EWT)

A

There is an optimum level of anxiety which will increase accuracy of EWT

35
Q

Johnson + Scott conducted their research in an artificial environment - true or false?

A

True - it was a lab experiment

36
Q

In the ‘low anxiety’ condition of Johnson + Scott, a man walked out of the room with paint on his hands carrying a pen - true or false

A

False - it was grease

37
Q

In the ‘low anxiety’ condition of Johnson + Scott’s research, what did the man carry?

A

A pen (with grease on his hands)

38
Q

In the ‘high anxiety’ condition of Johnson + Scott’s research, what did the man walk out carrying?

A

A knife (with blood on his hands)

39
Q

What was the DV in Johnson + Scott’s research?

A

Whether the participants could correctly identify the man from 50 images

40
Q

What % of accuracy was found for the low anxiety condition in Johnson + Scott’s research?

A

49 %

41
Q

What % of accuracy was found for the high anxiety condition in Johnson + Scott’s research?

A

33 %

42
Q

Christianson + Hubinette conducted a lab experiment - true or false

A

False

43
Q

In Christianson + Hubinette’s research, what had happened to those who experienced “high anxiety” in the bank robbery?

A

They had been directly threatened

44
Q

In Christianson + Hubinette’s research, who were classed as having “low anxiety” during the bank robbery?

A

Bystanders / customers

45
Q

Christianson + Hubinette found that anxiety…

A

Increases the accuracy of EWT

46
Q

What was the IV in Johnson + Scott’s research?

A

High or low anxiety condition

47
Q

Johnson + Scott used a lab experiment method.

What are 2 limitations of using this method?

A

Increased chance of demand characteristics - participants are aware they are taking part in a study and so may change their behaviour - reducing the internal validity

OR

Low ecological validity - research takes place in artificial setting, meaning it is harder to generalise to real life settings

48
Q

Name 2 factors affecting the accuracy of EWT

A

Misleading information

AND

Post event discussion

21PSY-2AL-D1 - MH (84 decks)

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