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21PSY-2AL-D1 - MH > Addiction: Explanations of nicotine addiction -Learning Theory TW > Flashcards

Addiction: Explanations of nicotine addiction -Learning Theory TW Flashcards

1
Q

Which behaviourist principle can be used to explain smoking addiction?

A

Operant conditioning

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2
Q

Operant conditioning is learning through…

A

Consequence (rewards and punishments)

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3
Q

Learning through rewards and punishments is known as…

A

Operant conditioning

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4
Q

Which type of reinforcement explains how an individual FORMS an addiction?

A

Positive reinforcement

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5
Q

Positive reinforcement explains how smoking addiction is ____________ .

A

Formed

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6
Q

What is an individual rewarded with when they inhale nicotine?

A

Euphoria

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7
Q

WHY does nicotine reward an individual with euphoria?

A

Impact on the dopamine system

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8
Q

Nicotines impact on the dopamine system provides the individual with feelings of…

A

Euphoria

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9
Q

According to positive reinforcement, why will an individual smoke again?

A

To receive the same reward of euphoria

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10
Q

What reward are individuals looking to receive from smoking according to positive reinforcement?

A

Euphoria / pleasure

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11
Q

Which type of reinforcement explains why we maintain a smoking addiction?

A

Negative reinforcement

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12
Q

Negative reinforcement explains how we ________ a smoking addiction

A

Maintain

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13
Q

What is negative reinforcement?

A

Performing a behaviour to AVOID negative consequences

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14
Q

What is the difference between negative reinforcement and punishment according to operant conditioning?

A

Negative reinforcement is an individual repeatedly performing a behaviour to AVOID a negative consequence (increasing the frequency of the behaviour)

WHEREAS

Punishment is where an individual receives the negative consequence which STOPS the behaviour (decreasing it’s frequency)

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15
Q

What is the negative consequence nicotine addicts wish to avoid?

A

Withdrawal

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16
Q

What are some symptoms of nicotine withdrawal?

A

Disturbed sleep, agitation, poor concentration

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17
Q

What behaviour is repeated by a nicotine addict to AVOID the negative consequence of withdrawal?

A

Smoking (inhaling nicotine)

18
Q

How could classical conditioning explain nicotine addiction?

A

Addict ASSOCIATES nicotine with pleasure

19
Q

Classical conditioning is learning through…

A

Stimulus, response and ASSOCIATIONS

20
Q

What is meant by a primary reinforcer?

A

A stimuli that is DIRECTLY rewarding

21
Q

What is meant by a secondary reinforcer?

A

A stimuli that has become rewarding because of an ASSOCIATION (is indirectly rewarding)

22
Q

According to learning theory, what type of reinforcer is smoking?

A

A primary reinforcer

23
Q

Why is smoking a primary reinforcer?

A

As it DIRECTLY affects the brains REWARD pathways - providing pleasure

24
Q

True or False: Primary reinforcers are learnt

A

False: Primary reinforcers are NOT learnt - they provide natural POSITIVE responses/reactions to a stimuli

25
Q

True or False: Secondary reinforcers are learnt

A

True: Secondary reinforcers ARE learnt, as they are stimuli which have been ASSOCIATED with primary reinforcers

26
Q

How are secondary reinforcers developed?

A

By being REPEATEDLY present at the same time as a primary reinforcer

27
Q

How are secondary reinforcers developed in nicotine addictions?

A

By being REPEATEDLY present at the same time as nicotine is inhaled

28
Q

In the context of nicotine addiction, what can secondary reinforcers also act as?

A

Cues

29
Q

In the context of nicotine addiction, what is the effect of cues?

A

Psychological (craving) and physiological (heart rate) reaction

30
Q

What is meant by cue reactivity?

A

Where an individual has a psychological and physiological reaction to a secondary reinforcer

31
Q

What is the consequence of an individual having a ‘cue reaction’?

A

They want to smoke (seek primary reinforcement)

32
Q

What are some examples of potential ‘cues’ in nicotine addiction?

A

Seeing a lighter, certain friends, places etc

33
Q

AO3: What research is there to support the concept of cue reactivity?

A

Carter & Tiffany (1999)

34
Q

AO3: What did Carter & Tiffany do to research cue-reactivity?

A

Conducted a meta-analysis of 41 studies into cue-reactivity, presenting smokers and non-smokers with smoking related cues

35
Q

AO3: What did Carter & Tiffany find in regards to cue-reactivity?

A

Smokers reported higher levels of desire in response to smoking related cues and showed higher heart rates

36
Q

AO3: What type of determinism is learning theory’s explanation of nicotine addiction?

A

Environmental

37
Q

AO3: What does learning theory suggest an individual is controlled by?

A

Reinforcements and associations

38
Q

AO3: What practical applications have been developed as a result of learning theory’s explanation of nicotine addiction?

A

Aversion therapy and covert sensitisation

39
Q

AO3: What research is there to support learning theory of nicotine addiction?

A

Levin et al

40
Q

AO3: What does learning theory neglect the role of in nicotine addiction?

A

The role of free will

21PSY-2AL-D1 - MH (84 decks)

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