Memory continued Flashcards
What is declarative memory?
Memories that can be consciously recalled and verbalised, explicit memories. These are split into episodic and semantic memories.
What is non-declarative memory?
“How-to” memories (knowing how) that operate automatically and inflexibly e.g. walking or writing
What is the role of the hippocampus in memory?
The hippocampus allows the consolidation of information from STM to LTM
How are the methods of forgetting different for STM and LTM?
Trace-dependent forgetting in STM (memory trace is interfered with/lost - not converted to LTM)
Cue-dependent forgetting in LTM (cues needed to recall memories)
What is the difference between episodic, semantic, procedural memories?
Episodic - memories for past events (e.g. attending your first lecture)
Semantic - memories for facts (e.g. your knowledge of the multi store model of memory)
Procedural - memories for skills and actions (e.g. HM learnt the skill of tracing round a star shape while looking at a mirror, rather than the paper. This demonstrated an intact and separate procedural memory)
What type of memory involves the hippocampus in encoding?
Declarative memory
There are two parts to schemas: core and slots. What are they?
Core - constant information, e.g. strawberries are a type of berries with seeds on the outside
Slots - variable information, e.g. strawberries can be green or red, they can vary in size and shape
What are scripts?
a type of schema related to fixed, expected orders of events
What type of memory develops late, deteriorates early and is vulnerable to disruption and manipulation?
Episodic memory
Which parts of the brain are involved in the encoding of implicit memories?
Cortex
Striatum
Amygdala
What is habituation?
Habituation – the progressive extinction of a behaviour in response to a repetitive harmless stimulation, e.g. you can read a book and not be distracted by background noise
What is sensitisation?
Sensitisation – the magnification of behaviour in response to a meaningful stimulation, e.g. if you are woken by a loud noise at night you are alert for any other noises
WHat is priming?
Priming – something that makes a person more sensitive or more likely to do something a certain way, e.g. if you study a list of words then write a story, the words you have studied would be likely to appear
What type(s) of amnesia did Clive Wearing experience?
Retrograde amnesia (couldn’t remember many events from his past) and anterograde amnesia (couldn’t form new memories)
What are some criticisms of amnesia research?
Issues with genralisability, damage differs between patients
Damage is not confined to a single area
Patient outcomes are often heterogeneous – there is a mix of anterograde and retrograde amnesia, with both episodic and semantic memory affected
