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Cognitive psychology > Memory > Flashcards

Memory Flashcards

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1
Q

Why are strategies for making information meaningful important?

A

This helps to form, store and retrieve memories e.g. information for an exam

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2
Q

The term for: creating a memory trace during presentation of a stimulus

A

Encoding

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3
Q

The term for: accessing and recovering stored information

A

Retrieval

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4
Q

What are the three stages in learning/memory?

A

Encoding
Storage
Retrieval

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5
Q

Murdock (1962) showed a serial recall curve in memory, as well as the primacy effect. What method was used?

A

A free recall paradigm

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6
Q

What is a primacy effect and why does it occur?

A

Words (/stimuli) presented earlier are remembered better, this is because rehearsal is possible

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7
Q

What is a recency effect?

A

Words (/stimuli) presented late are recalled better

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8
Q

What did the two effects (primacy and recency) suggest about memory?

A

These effects suggested that there are two memory systems - short term and long term

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9
Q

In Postman & Phillips’ (1965) experiment, retention intervals were introduced after participants learnt the list of words. Which of the primacy or recency effects would disappear after a retention interval?

A

The recency effect disappeared in the condition with a retention interval, so participants did not have better memory for words presented late.

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10
Q

The recency effect is related to short term memory, what does this suggest?

A

STM is less stable and more vulnerable to forgetting than LTM

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11
Q

What is displacement in relation to STM?

A

Displacement refers to information in STM being pushed out by new infrormation. STM is particulary vulnerable to displacement, e.g. through disrupting rehearsal, leading to forgetting

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12
Q

Typically, working memory capacity for verbal information is..

A

7+/-2 items

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13
Q

Typically, working memory capacity for visual information is..

A

4 items

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14
Q

What is chunking?

A

Using groups of items as a single unit (e.g. BBC instead of B B C) to improve STM capacity.

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15
Q

What makes better chunks? (2-3 things)

A

Strong associations between elements in the chunk
Weaker associations between elements in other chunks
Functionally relevant information in one chunk

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16
Q

What is the term for two related memory processes functioning independently of each other (as in STM and LTM)?

A

Double dissociation (of memory systems)

17
Q

Which of the following modalities has the shortest duration in the sensory register?
Iconic
Echoic

A

Iconic (visual) = 0.5 seconds

Echoic (auditory) = 3-4 seconds

18
Q

How does Shallice & Warrington’s case study of patient KF provide evidence contradicting the multi store model?
hint KF had an impaired short term memory

A

KF had an imparied STM, as shown by his poor performance on the digit span task, but he could store new info in LTM.
The multi store model predicts than an intact STM is needed for transferring information between stores.

19
Q

How many levels are ther ein Craik & Lockhart’s levels of processing model of memory?

A

Three

20
Q

Which level of processing leaves the strongest memory trace?

A

Deep processing

21
Q

At which level of processing are words encoded structurally (e.g. whether they are in bold or italics)?

A

At the shallow level of processing words are encoded structurally

22
Q

How are words encoded at the intermediate level?

A

Phonemically e.g. how they sound

23
Q

How are words encoded at the deep processing level?

A

Semantically - by meaning

24
Q

What is elaborative rehearsal?

A

Learning information by making it meaningful

25
Q

What does Baddeley & Hitch’s working memory model explain, that the multi store model had trouble explaining?

A

Parallel processing (e.g. holding and manipulating info at the same time)

26
Q

What are two predictions of the working memory model?

A
  1. Two tasks requiring the same component, e.g. listening and reading, are not easily performed at the same time
  2. Two tasks requiring different components, e.g. listening and looking, can be eaisly performed at the same time

Cognitive psychology (5 decks)

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