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Psyc 100 > Memory (Chapter 7) > Flashcards

Memory (Chapter 7) Flashcards

1
Q

Semantic memory

A

General information

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2
Q

Episodic memory

A

Personal events

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3
Q

Visual sensory memory

A
  • People perceive the after image rather than the actual image
  • Lasts 1/4 of a second
  • Iconic memory
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4
Q

Auditory sensory memory

A
  • 2 seconds
  • Echoic memory
  • Needs longer than iconic
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5
Q

Declarative (explicit) memory

A

Information for facts and dates

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6
Q

Procedural (implicit) memory (non declarative)

A

Actions or skills (e.g., riding a bike)

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7
Q

Recall

A

Reproduce information without any cues

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8
Q

Recognition

A

Select previously learned information from an array of options

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9
Q

Relearning

A

How long it takes to relearn and how much time or practice is saved

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10
Q

Retroactive interference

A

New information impairs retention of previously learned material

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11
Q

Proactive interference

A

Previously learned material impairs retention of new information

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12
Q

Transcience

A

The weakening of memory overtime

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13
Q

Absentmindedness

A

Memory failure that is often due to a failure to pay attention because we are preoccupied

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14
Q

Blocking

A

Temporary fail to retrieve an item of information (e.g., someones name when you meet someone)

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15
Q

Misattribution

A

Assign a memory to the wrong source

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16
Q

Suggestibility

A

Memory is distorted (misleading question)

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17
Q

Bias

A

Inaccuracy due to the effect of our current knowledge on our reconstruction of the past

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18
Q

Persistence

A

Unwanted memories or recollections that you cannot forget

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19
Q

Implicit memory

A

Unintentional remembering

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20
Q

Explicit memory

A

Involves intentional recollection of previous experiences

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21
Q

Prospective memory

A

Involves remembering to perform actions in the future

22
Q

Retrospective memory

A

Involves remembering events from the past or previously learned information

23
Q

Structural code

A

Emphasized the physical structure of the stimulus

  • E.g., was the words in CAPITALS?
  • Shallow processing
24
Q

Phonemic code

A

Emphasizes sound of a word

  • E.g., does the word rhyme with cat?
  • Moderate processing
25
Q

Semantic code

A 
Emphasizes the meaning of a word
    - Involves thinking about the object and actions the 
     words represent 
- Deep processing 
   - Better recall later
26
Q

What can semantic coding be enhanced through

A

Elaboration; linking a stimulus to other information at the same time of encoding
- E.g., complex (better); the small lady angrily picked up the red _____

27
Q

Paivio’s dual-coding theory

A

Memory is enhanced by forming semantic and visual codes since either can lead to recall

28
Q

Modal model of memory

A

Incoming information passes through 2 temporary storage buffers- the sensory store and short term store- before it is transferred into a long term store

29
Q

Short-term memory

A

Limited capacity store that can maintain unrehearsed information for up to 20 seconds

30
Q

Working memory

A
  • A limited capacity storage system that temporarily maintains and stores information by providing an interface between perception, memory and action
  • E.g., holding a persons address in mind while listening how to get there
31
Q

4 components of working memory

  • Phonological loop
  • Visuospatial sketchpad
  • Central executive system
  • Episodic buffer
A

Phonological loop: temporarily remember a phone number
Visuospatial sketchpad: temporarily hold and manipulate visual images
Central executive system: controls the deployment of attention, switching the focus of attention and dividing attention as needed
Episodic buffer: temporarily limited capacity story that allows the various components of working memory to integrate information and that serve as an interface between working memory and long-term memory

32
Q

Long-term memory

A

Is an unlimited capacity store that can hold information over lengthy periods of time
- Permanent store?

33
Q

Flashbulb memories

A

Unusually vivid and detailed recollections of momentous events
- Not accurate

34
Q

Serial position effect

- Primacy effect
- Recency effect
A

Primacy effect: words said first are recalled better
- Have had enough time to be transferred to LTM
Recency effect: later presented stimuli are better recalled
- Still in STM

35
Q

Clustering

A

Tendency to remember similar or related items in groups

36
Q

Tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon

A

The temporary inability to remember something you know, accompanied by a feeling that its just out of reach

37
Q

Reconstructive nature of memory

A

Shorten story
Change details
Add new information

38
Q

Reconstructive errors

A

Fill in the gaps; during recall

39
Q

Constructive errors

A

Change to things we already know; during encoding

40
Q

Ebbinghaus forgetting curve

A

Forgetting occurs rapidly after learning something

41
Q

Pseudoforgetting

A

Can’t forget something you never learned

- Usually due to lack of attention

42
Q

Decay theory

A

Forgetting occurs because memories fade with time

43
Q

Interference theory

A

People forget information because of competition from other material

44
Q

Hippocampus

A

Encoding/retrieval of LTM
Memory consolidation
- Gradual conversion of information into durable memory codes stored in LTM

45
Q

Cerebral Cortex

A

Memory consolidation

- Gradual conversion of information into durable memory codes stored in LTM

46
Q

Thalamus

A

Amnesia

  • Retrograde: Loss of memories for events that occurred prior to the onset of amnesia
  • Anterograde: Loss of memories for events that occur after the onset of amnesia
47
Q

Anterograde amnesia

A

Loss of memories for events that occur after the onset of amnesia

48
Q

Retrograde amnesia

A

Loss of memories for events that occurred prior to the onset of amnesia

49
Q

Amygdala

A

Encoding emotion

50
Q

Cerebellum

A

Procedural memory (e.g., riding a bike)

Psyc 100 (2 decks)

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