Memory (Chapter 7)

Question 1

Semantic memory

Answer 1

General information

Question 2

Episodic memory

Answer 2

Personal events

Question 3

Visual sensory memory

Answer 3

• People perceive the after image rather than the actual image
• Lasts 1/4 of a second
• Iconic memory

Question 4

Auditory sensory memory

Answer 4

• 2 seconds
• Echoic memory
• Needs longer than iconic

Question 5

Declarative (explicit) memory

Answer 5

Information for facts and dates

Question 6

Procedural (implicit) memory (non declarative)

Answer 6

Actions or skills (e.g., riding a bike)

Question 7

Recall

Answer 7

Reproduce information without any cues

Question 8

Recognition

Answer 8

Select previously learned information from an array of options

Question 9

Relearning

Answer 9

How long it takes to relearn and how much time or practice is saved

Question 10

Retroactive interference

Answer 10

New information impairs retention of previously learned material

Question 11

Proactive interference

Answer 11

Previously learned material impairs retention of new information

Question 12

Transcience

Answer 12

The weakening of memory overtime

Question 13

Absentmindedness

Answer 13

Memory failure that is often due to a failure to pay attention because we are preoccupied

Question 14

Blocking

Answer 14

Temporary fail to retrieve an item of information (e.g., someones name when you meet someone)

Question 15

Misattribution

Answer 15

Assign a memory to the wrong source

Question 16

Suggestibility

Answer 16

Memory is distorted (misleading question)

Question 17

Bias

Answer 17

Inaccuracy due to the effect of our current knowledge on our reconstruction of the past

Question 18

Persistence

Answer 18

Unwanted memories or recollections that you cannot forget

Question 19

Implicit memory

Answer 19

Unintentional remembering

Question 20

Explicit memory

Answer 20

Involves intentional recollection of previous experiences

Question 21

Prospective memory

Answer 21

Involves remembering to perform actions in the future

Question 22

Retrospective memory

Answer 22

Involves remembering events from the past or previously learned information

Question 23

Structural code

Answer 23

Emphasized the physical structure of the stimulus

• E.g., was the words in CAPITALS?
• Shallow processing

Question 24

Phonemic code

Answer 24

Emphasizes sound of a word

• E.g., does the word rhyme with cat?
• Moderate processing

Question 25

Semantic code

Answer 25

``` Emphasizes the meaning of a word - Involves thinking about the object and actions the words represent - Deep processing - Better recall later ```

Question 26

What can semantic coding be enhanced through

Answer 26

Elaboration; linking a stimulus to other information at the same time of encoding - E.g., complex (better); the small lady angrily picked up the red _____

Question 27

Paivio's dual-coding theory

Answer 27

Memory is enhanced by forming semantic and visual codes since either can lead to recall

Question 28

Modal model of memory

Answer 28

Incoming information passes through 2 temporary storage buffers- the sensory store and short term store- before it is transferred into a long term store

Question 29

Short-term memory

Answer 29

Limited capacity store that can maintain unrehearsed information for up to 20 seconds

Question 30

Working memory

Answer 30

- A limited capacity storage system that temporarily maintains and stores information by providing an interface between perception, memory and action - E.g., holding a persons address in mind while listening how to get there

Question 31

4 components of working memory - Phonological loop - Visuospatial sketchpad - Central executive system - Episodic buffer

Answer 31

Phonological loop: temporarily remember a phone number Visuospatial sketchpad: temporarily hold and manipulate visual images Central executive system: controls the deployment of attention, switching the focus of attention and dividing attention as needed Episodic buffer: temporarily limited capacity story that allows the various components of working memory to integrate information and that serve as an interface between working memory and long-term memory

Question 32

Long-term memory

Answer 32

Is an unlimited capacity store that can hold information over lengthy periods of time - Permanent store?

Question 33

Flashbulb memories

Answer 33

Unusually vivid and detailed recollections of momentous events - Not accurate

Question 34

Serial position effect - Primacy effect - Recency effect

Answer 34

Primacy effect: words said first are recalled better - Have had enough time to be transferred to LTM Recency effect: later presented stimuli are better recalled - Still in STM

Question 35

Clustering

Answer 35

Tendency to remember similar or related items in groups

Question 36

Tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon

Answer 36

The temporary inability to remember something you know, accompanied by a feeling that its just out of reach

Question 37

Reconstructive nature of memory

Answer 37

Shorten story Change details Add new information

Question 38

Reconstructive errors

Answer 38

Fill in the gaps; during recall

Question 39

Constructive errors

Answer 39

Change to things we already know; during encoding

Question 40

Ebbinghaus forgetting curve

Answer 40

Forgetting occurs rapidly after learning something

Question 41

Pseudoforgetting

Answer 41

Can't forget something you never learned | - Usually due to lack of attention

Question 42

Decay theory

Answer 42

Forgetting occurs because memories fade with time

Question 43

Interference theory

Answer 43

People forget information because of competition from other material

Question 44

Hippocampus

Answer 44

Encoding/retrieval of LTM Memory consolidation - Gradual conversion of information into durable memory codes stored in LTM

Question 45

Cerebral Cortex

Answer 45

Memory consolidation | - Gradual conversion of information into durable memory codes stored in LTM

Question 46

Thalamus

Answer 46

Amnesia - Retrograde: Loss of memories for events that occurred prior to the onset of amnesia - Anterograde: Loss of memories for events that occur after the onset of amnesia

Question 47

Anterograde amnesia

Answer 47

Loss of memories for events that occur after the onset of amnesia

Question 48

Retrograde amnesia

Answer 48

Loss of memories for events that occurred prior to the onset of amnesia

Question 49

Amygdala

Answer 49

Encoding emotion

Question 50

Cerebellum

Answer 50

Procedural memory (e.g., riding a bike)