Learning (Chapter 6)

Question 1

Classical conditioning

Answer 1

A type of learning which stimulus acquire the ability to evoke a response that was originally evoked by another stimulus

Question 2

Simultaneous conditioning (classical conditioning)

Answer 2

CS and UCS begin and end together

Question 3

Short delay conditioning (classical conditioning)

Answer 3

CS starts just before the UCS and they are taken away together (optimal)

Question 4

Trace conditioning (classical conditioning)

Answer 4

CS begins and ends before the UCS

Question 5

Backward conditioning (classical conditioning)

Answer 5

UCS is presented and removed before presentation of the CS (NS)
-not very effective and makes learning difficult

Question 6

Operant conditioning (aka. instrumental learning)

Answer 6

Form of learning in which voluntary responses are controlled by their consequences

Question 7

Primary reinforcers (operant conditioning)

Answer 7

Events that are inherently reinforcing because they satisfy biological needs (food, water, warmth)

Question 8

Secondary reinforcers; conditional reinforcers (operant conditioning)

Answer 8

Events that acquire reinforcing qualities by being associated with primary reinforcers (money, good grades, attention)

Question 9

Continuous reinforcement (operant conditioning)

Answer 9

Occurs when every instance is reinforced

Question 10

Partial reinforcement (intermittent)

Answer 10

Occurs when a response is reinforced only some of the time

- leads to longer lasting effects

Question 11

Fixed ratio schedule (operant conditioning)

Answer 11

Reinforcer is given after a fixed number of non reinforced responses

Question 12

Variable-ratio schedule (operant conditiong)

Answer 12

Reinforcer is given after a varying number of non reinforced responses

Question 13

Fixed interval schedule (operant conditioning)

Answer 13

Reinforcer is given after a specified period of time has elapsed

Question 14

Variable interval schedule (operant conditioning)

Answer 14

Reinforcer is given after a varying period of time

Question 15

Positive reinforcement (operant conditioning)

Answer 15

Occurs when a response (tendency) is strengthened because it is followed by the presentation of a (presumably) pleasant stimulus

Question 16

Negative reinforcement (operant conditioning)

Answer 16

Occurs when a response is strengthened because it is followed by the removal of an unpleasant stimulus

Question 17

Positive punishment (operant conditioning)

Answer 17

Occurs when a response is followed by the presentation of a negative stimulus

Question 18

Negative punishment (operant conditioning)

Answer 18

Occurs when a response is followed by the removal of a positive stimulus

Question 19

Observational learning

Answer 19

Occurs when an organism responses are influenced by the observation of others

Question 20

Stimulus generalization (classical conditioning)

Answer 20

Occurs when an organism that has learned a response to a specific stimulus responds in the same way to new stimuli that are similar to the original stimulus

Question 21

Evaluative conditioning (classical conditioning)

Answer 21

Changes in the liking of a stimulus that result from pairing that stimulus with other positive or negative stimuli

Question 22

Acquisition (classical conditioning)

Answer 22

When the previously neutral stimulus becomes associated with the unconditioned stimulus and comes to evoke a response when presented

• the initial stage of learning something
• formation of a new conditioned response tendency
• depends on stimulus continuity
  
  • temporal relationship between the CS and the UCS

Question 23

Extinction (classical conditioning) and how does it happen

Answer 23

The gradual weakening and disappearance of a conditioned response tendency
- the consistent presentation of the conditioned stimulus alone without the unconditioned stimulus

Question 24

Spontaneous recovery (classical conditioning)

Answer 24

The reappearance of an extinguished response after a period of non-exposure to the conditioned stimulus

Question 25

Renewal effect (classical conditioning)

Answer 25

If a response is extinguished in a different environment than it was acquire, the extinguished response will reappear if the (animal) is returned to the original environment where acquisition took place

Question 26

Stimulus discrimination (classical conditioning)

Answer 26

When an organism does not respond to stimuli that are similar to the conditioned stimulus

Question 27

Higher-order conditioning (classical conditioning)

Answer 27

A conditioned stimulus functions as if were an unconditioned stimulus

Question 28

Thorndike’s law of effect (operant conditioning)

Answer 28

If a response in the presence of a stimulus leads to satisfying effects, the association between the stimulus and the response is strengthened

Question 29

Acquisition (operant conditioning)

Answer 29

Initial stage of learning some new pattern of responding

Question 30

Extinction (operant conditioning)

Resistance to extinction

Answer 30

Gradual weakening of a response to its eventual disappearance because it is no longer followed by reinforcement
- Occurs when a organism continues to make a response after delivery of the reinforcer has been terminated

Question 31

Discriminative stimuli (operant conditioning)

Answer 31

Cues that influence operant behaviour by indicating the probable consequences (reinforcement or non reinforcement) of a response
- plays a role in regulation of operant behaviour

Question 32

Stimulus generalization (operant conditioning)

Answer 32

Responding to a new stimulus as if it were an original

Question 33

Side effects of punishment (operant conditioning)

Answer 33

Suppression of behaviour
Emotional response
Aggressive behaviour

Question 34

Making punishment effective (operant conditioning)

Answer 34

Swift
Severe "enough"
Consistent
Explaining
Provide alternatives (to actions)
Minimize physical punishment