Memory Chapter Flashcards
How can we retrieve memories?
Recognition: identification of something/ a memory that has been previously seen.
Cued recall: trying to retrieve a memory with the help of cues.
Free recall: Retrieve memories without the help of cues.
What is sensory memory and state it’s coding, capacity, and duration:
The beginning of any memory happens when information is received by any of your senses (sense organs) hence the term “sensory memory”.
Coding: coding is related to the sense organ ( memories at ur eyes are encoded visually)
Capacity- Very High capacity
Duration- Very short (info remains in the S.M very briefly, unless if you pay attention to it, info will be transferred to STM)
What is STM and its coding, capacity, duration:
STM is a type of memory storage that has a limited capacity ( can hold up to 5 to 9 chunks of info) and a limited duration ( info is stored for less than 30 seconds unless if it’s rehearsed)
Coding tends to be acoustic
what is LTM and its coding p, capacity, and duration:
Is a type of memory storage that has a very large capacity (potentially unlimited) and its duration is up to a lifetime
Coding tends to be semantic.
What is the role of rehearsal?
If individuals keep repeating and rehearsing information, it will be able to get transferred to your LTM. This is called maintenance rehearsal.
Evaluate the multi store model of memory-
A strength is that the multi store model of memory provides practical ideas for how to remember information effectively. For example, we need to pay attention whilst the teacher is talking to us because information is only passed from SM to STM if we pay attention to it.
A weakness is that the MSM has been criticized for being over simplified. For example, it states how we have one single LTM store, however, research evidence has shown that there are multiple other LTM stores, such as; Procedural memory, Semantic memory, Episodic memory.
What is the aim of Murdocks serial position curve study?
Murdock set out an experiment to see if the memory of words was affected by the number of words the person had to remember.
What is the method of Murdocks serial position curve study?
Murdock has created word lists by randomly selecting from the 4000 most common words in English.
103 students on a psychology course took part in the study. They wear placed in groups and had to attend different sessions. In each session, participants listened to 20 word lists, each word list had 20-40 words.
They had to recall the words that they have heard.
What is the results of Murdocks serial position curve study?
Murdock has found that the likelihood of recall depends on the position of the words in the list.
Higher recall for words that appeared at the start of the list, since these words are transferred to LTM. (PRIMACY EFFECT)
Highest recall for words that appeared at the end of the list, since these words were heard most recently and so it is transferred to STM. (RECENCY EFFECT)
What is the conclusion of Murdocks serial position curve study?
These results demonstrate a serial position effect, it clearly states the position of the words in the list, affects their recall.
Evaluate murdocks serial position study-
One strength of this study is that research done on amnesiacs support the conclusion. Research has shown that people with amnesia can’t store long term memories, and so they do not show a primacy effect, but they do show recency effect.
This confirms that primacy effect is related to LTM
Another strength is that this study was conducted in very controlled conditions, which means we can trust the results. The researcher has controlled the familiarity of the words, the speed the words were read at, and ensured that practice had no effect on performance. Therefore, none of these things could have affected the DV ( probability that the words were recalled)
What is the aim of Bartletts war of ghosts study?
To investigate how memory is reconstructed over time when people were asked to recall something.
The aim was to use a story from a different culture to see how culture expectations affect memory.
What is the method of Bartletts war of ghosts study?
In the war of ghosts study, participants were shown a story and were asked to recall the story 15 minutes later. Then Bartlett has shown the new version of the story to other participants and asked them to recall it as well.
A key feature of the story is that it belonged to a culture that was very different from the participants.
What is the results of Bartletts war of ghosts study?
Bartlett has found that participants have remembered different parts of the story. And they have interpreted the stories within their own social and cultural expectations.
The transformations that occurred while the participants recalled the story were-
The story was shortened
Different languages/ vocabulary have been used.
What is the conclusion of Bartletts war of ghosts study?
All of these transformations that the participants have recalled had the effect of making the material/story easier to remember and understand.
