Keywords Flashcards
Visual encoding
When memories are stored visually.
Acoustic encoding
Memories are stored in terms of how they sound like, for example when you think about your favorite song you can hear it in ur head.
Semantic encoding
Refers to the process of converting sensory input into meaningful representations in memory (our general information about the world, when a teacher asks you a question in the class, you would answer the correct answer, then the teacher would ask you how do you know that? you’ll say that you’ve been practicing and remembering this information.)
Tactile encoding
Memory of how things feel like such as a hug and physical touch.
Olfactory encoding
Memory of how things smell like, such as remembering a bad smell.
Encoding
Is when information is changed from one form to another to be stored for later recall.
Retrieval
Process of accessing information that has been stored in your brain and being able to use this information.
Long-term memory
Is a type of memory storage that has a very large capacity and a very long duration, tends to be our permanent memory.
Short-term memory
Is a type of a memory storage that has a limited capacity for information and limited duration. Information may simply disappear or may be passed to LTM if it was rehearsed repeatedly.
Episodic memory
Is your memory of events from your life, and it includes memories of when the events occurred. for example: your visit to the dentist, a night out with your friends, a holiday from when you were younger, etc.
Procedural memory
Is our knowledge of how to do things, we can recall these memories without effort since it includes memories of learned skills such as learning on how to ride a horse.
Semantic memory
Semantic memory is a form of long-term memory that comprises (made up of) a person’s knowledge about the world.
this includes what words and concepts mean.
Capacity
A specific amount of information that can be held in the memory store.
Duration
A specific time that information can be held in the memory.
Coding
Coding refers to the way in which information is changed and stored in memory.
Sensory memory
Is when coding is related to the sense organ, for example: information received by the eye is visually encoded whereas information received by the ears is acoustically encoded. Sensory memory has a very large capacity but very limited and short duration.
Primacy effect
Words at the start of the list are more likely to be recalled then the words in the middle of the list, because they have been rehearsed quite well. Which means the words at the start of the list will be transferred to the long-term memory
Recency effect
Words at the end of the list are the words that are heard most recently, which means these words will be transferred to the short term memory so these words will have the best recall.
Serial position effect
Position of the words influences the likelihood of their recall.
Culture
Refers to the beliefs and expectations of individuals
Reconstructive memory
Fragments of stored information are reassembled during recall, and during recall the gaps are filled in by our beliefs and expectations so that we can produce a story that makes sense in a way.
Interference
Interference refers to how information is lost from long-term memory (LTM) Interference occurs when one memory prevents the retrieval of another memory. (Specifically if the memories are similar)
Context
Context is a situation in which Something Happens and context is able to act as a cue to recall information. Thus, enhancing the accuracy of memory.
False memory
Is a memory that did not happen, but it feels as if it were a true memory.
Retroactive interference
When new memories prevent the retrieval of old memories. You forget a previously learnt task due to learning a new task.
