Memory - Chapter 1: What is Memory

Question 1

Reductionism

Answer 1

• lower level of analysis

psychology > physiology> chemistry> physics

Question 2

Who is Ebbinghaus?

Answer 2

• first person to demonstrate that it was possible to study memory experimentally
• experimented on himself for over 2 years
• structured relationship between learning and what’s learned
• forgetting overtime due to reduced condition
• non-sense syllable referred to as the verbal learning approach

Question 3

Gestalt Psychology

Answer 3

• perceptual principles
• memory and reasoning
• perceptual: relating to the ability to interpret or become aware of something through the senses.

Question 4

Who is Barlett?

Answer 4

• rejected Ebbinghaus idea of memorizing non-syllabal words
• schemas
• cultural assumptions about the world

Question 5

Who is Craik

Answer 5

• computer metaphor

- one or more storage system

Question 6

Storage Systems/Interactive Components in Memory

Answer 6

• encode
• store: STM, LTM and WM
• retrieve

Question 7

Modal Model

Answer 7

• model of memory developed by Atkinson and Shiffrin
• thoght that if you keep idea in STM long enough it goes into LTM
• thought that once in LTM, memory is permanent

Question 8

Information-Processing Model

Answer 8

Environment > Sensory Memory> STM>LTM

-not as linear as info. flows in both directions e.g. LTM can impact attention > thus, impacts encoding

Question 9

Sensory Memory

Answer 9

-brief storage of a sense/modality
i.e. Iconic Memory (movie)
Echoic memory

Question 10

Iconic Memory

Answer 10

• brief storage of visual memory system
• i.e. sequence of images presented rapidly (movie), but perceived as continuous due to perceptual system storing info long enough to bridge the gap (iconic memory)
• info read from retina, and some fed through to STM - this helps build or visual representation

Question 11

Echoic Memory

Answer 11

-brief storage of auditory memory system

Question 12

Who is Sperling?

Answer 12

-visual sensory memory:
x-12 letters in 3 rows of 4
-recall 1 line
-improve recall: reduce # of items to be reported. Don’t tell participant which ones they will need to recall
- recall after the sound of a tone (echoic memory): high tone for top line, medium stone for second line, low tone for last line
-brighter the light, poorer the performance (iconic). Light interferes with memory
-information-processing model
-visual sensory memory

Question 13

Masking

Answer 13

• storage of stimulus influenced by events occurring before presentation (forward masking) or after presentation (backward masking).
• sperling
  i. e. if light its shun after sperling presentation acting as a distractor and disrupter of the memory trace

Question 14

Brightness Masking

Answer 14

• memory trace worsens when more brighter

- same eye only

Question 15

Pattern Masking

Answer 15

• jumbled fragments of letters

- can use one eye

Question 16

Recency Advantage - What cancels this out?

Answer 16

interposing another SPOKEN item between presentation and recall

• i.e loud truck intercepts you when you receive a phone number causing you to forget the recent numbers given
• visuals don’t disrupt, only spoken

Question 17

Precategorical Acoustic Store

Answer 17

• auditory recent effect

Question 18

Working Memory

Answer 18

-keeps things in mind when performing complex tasks
- draws on STM and LTM
Other processes occur like attention
Mental workspace
Manipulate and reshape info to perform certain activity

Question 19

Information Processing Model

Answer 19

-Squire

-

Question 20

Explicit/Declarative Memory

Answer 20

• semantic memory facts/information
• episodic memory (recalling personal events)
• a given event can be registered in either or both

Question 21

Implicit/Nondeclarative Memory Memory

Answer 21

• performance

- i.e riding a bike

Question 22

Semantic Memory

Answer 22

Facts/Info

Question 23

Episodic Memory

Answer 23

Personal Events

Question 24

Mental Time Travel

Answer 24

• disrupted in amnesic patients

- episodic memory allows us to relive past and imagine future

Question 25

Amnesic Patient

Answer 25

- episodic memory disrupted - impared capacity to add to their knowledge - can learn at normal rate, but no memory of experience - puff in eye - can guess word when given a few letters (when word shown earlier) (does not remember being shown the word) - priming

Question 26

Priming

Answer 26

-presentation of item influences the processing of the next item, either making it easier to process (positive priming) or more difficult (negative priming)

Question 27

Prospective Memory

Answer 27

-remembering to do things

Question 28

Computer

Answer 28

- began cognitive psychology - in memory - distinguished between encoding , memory storage, memory retrieval, division of memory into three types: sensory memory, STM, LTM

Question 29

Information-Processing Model

Answer 29

-sperling's model of visual sensory memory. stages separated and analyzed

Question 30

Implicit/Nondeclarative Learning

Answer 30

- classical conditioning - acquisition of motor skills - priming - amnesic patient

Question 31

Memory and learning

Answer 31

Is related Learning modifies memory and memory modifies learning. Plasticity When you learn you create neural pathways and adapt existing ones. (Learning modifies memory) When you create new memories you modify learning (memory modifies learning) Ie. second language learned through memory then when you speak it you retrieve it

Question 32

LTM is split into?

Answer 32

Explicit/declaritive memory and implicit/non-declaritive memory

Question 33

Is forgetting a sign that our memory isn’t working?

Answer 33

Forgetting is neccesary to memorize Forget nonessential info Does not apply to people like HM

Question 34

Are memories stores in out brains as archieved data such as like a library

Answer 34

No, memories reconstruct themselves