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Memory > Chapter 5 & 11 > Flashcards

Chapter 5 & 11 Flashcards

(58 cards)

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1
Q

Nonsense Syllables

A

Meaningless consonant-vowel-consonant word designed to study learning without the complicating factor of meaning and

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2
Q

Total time hypothesis

A

amount learned is the amount of time spent on learning a task

10,000 hours

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3
Q

Distributed Practice

A

Breaking practice up into a number of shorter sessions.

Contrast to massed practice: fewer, long, learning sessions

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4
Q

What is a better form of studying - distributed or massed?

A

Spaced presentation enhances memory. Little and often is good

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5
Q

Expanding Retrieval

A

A learning schedule
Items are tested after a short delay. Then, as the item becomes better learned, the practice-test interval is gradually extended. The aim being to test each item at its longest interval at which it can be reliably recalled.

(This app)

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6
Q

Generation Effect

A

Producing the answer from memory rather than being given the answer

Multiple choice is best for long term recall. Short answers is best for subsequent recall

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7
Q

Change blindness

A

The failure to detect that a visual object has moved, changed, or been replaced by another object

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8
Q

Latent inhibition

A

Classical conditioning phenomenon where multiple prior presentations of a neutral stimulus will interfere with its involvement in subsequent conditioning

Ie. presenting the bell alone, without the food, before or after the food, breaks the link between bell and food

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9
Q

Mere exposure

A

A tendency for a neutral stimulus to acquire positive value with repeated exposure

Increasing our exposure to novel stimulus will increase its rates pleasantness

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10
Q

Amygdala

A

An area of the brain close to the hippocampus that is involved in emotional processing

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11
Q

Hippocampus

A

Important for long term memory formation

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12
Q

Stem Completion and Fragment Completion (priming)

A

Stem completion: retention of a word is tested by presenting the first few letters

Fragment completion: memory for a word is tested by deleting alternate letters and asking participants to produce the words

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13
Q

Consolidation of Memory - What two processes is it divided into?

A

Synaptic consolidation: happens with neurons (i.e. long-term potential)

Systems Consolidation: memories being transferred from the hippocampus to the neocortex

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14
Q

Cell assembly

A
  • Hebb
  • physiological basis of longterm learning
  • links between the cells forming the assembly
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15
Q

Consolidation

A
  • time-dependent process
  • new trace is gradually woven into memory
  • memory and their interconnections are cemented together
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16
Q

Who did the study of learning begin with?

A

Ebbinghaus

Used non sensible words on himself to demonstrate measureable features of memory

Came up with time hypothesis

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17
Q

Implicit memory

A

Much learning is implicit, reflected in performance rather than directly through memory

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18
Q

Implicit learning includes what?

A

Conditioning, operant (reward/punish), classical
Procedural
Skill learning
Series of complex associations tasks: learning grammar

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19
Q

LTM is assumed to depend on?

A

A process called longterm potentiation (LTP)

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20
Q

Autobiographical Memory

A

Memories of events and self-related info

Helps us create a coherent representation of ourselves and our lives

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21
Q

Reminiscence Bump

A

A tendency in participants over 40 to show a high rate of recollecting personal experiences from their late teens and early twenties
(imp. life events happen during this time such as getting married, having kids) (prob. important for building up life narrative)

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22
Q

Life Narrative

A

A coherent and intergrated account of one’s life that is claimed to form the basis of autobiographical memory

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23
Q

Autobiographical Knowledge Base

A

Facts about ourselves and our past

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24
Q

Working Self + Who created this idea?

Study These Flashcards
A
  • Conway

- how autobiographical knowledge is accumulated and used

25
Figure 11.6
Draw this several times
26
Autonoetic Consciousness
- Tulving | - self-awareness, able to reflect on the contents of episodic memory
27
Flashbulb Memory
Detailed and apparently highly accurate memory of a dramatic experience. I.e. 9/11
28
Reappearance Hypothesis
certain circumstances, such as flashbulb memory and PTSD, memories can be created that later reappear in the new form
29
What method is often used to attain autobiographical memory?
Probe Method: memories evoked by presenting a cue word or asking for memories from a specific life period
30
Psychogenic Amnesia
When strong negative emotion disrupts retrieval from autobiographical memory
31
Trauma Response
Psychogenic Amnesia
32
What perspectives can you study memory from?
Social, Cognitive, Affective
33
Order of Memory Theories
Short-term, long-term and sensory memory Then extended to working memory (helped distinguish long-term and short-term) Then came attention
34
What two parts of the brain are important for memory consolidation?
The interplay between prefrontal cortex and hippocampus
35
What are the diff types of consolidations?
System Consolidation: happens in the brain | Synaptic Consolidation: has to do with neurons (i.e. long-term potentials)
36
What is the basis of learning?
Long-term Potentiation: Increases the size of electrical potentiation and this is the basis of learning. Related to system consolidation
37
What does long-term potentiation help with?
Explicit learning
38
Intrinsic Plasticity
Doesn't look at the relationship with other neurons (synaptic plasticity), just the neuron itself(plasticity within the same neuron) - recent research
39
Where does long-term potentiation resolve itself?
System Consolidation
40
Memory + Affective
Our feelings shape our memories too (i.e. flashbulb memories) ``` Psychogenic Amnesia (i.e. PTSD - recurrent flashbulb memories) abnormal memory functioning in the absence of structural brain damage or a known neurobiological cause ```
41
Fading Affect Bias
Affective intensity of positive memories diminish far less rapidly
42
What is the size of the hippocampus of someone who has PTSD?
Smaller hippocampus volume
43
Memory + Social
``` Autobiographical Memory Methods: probing and diary Conway's Theory Life span ie reminiscence bump Flashbulb memories ```
44
Conways Theory of Autobiographical Memory
Find in textbook
45
Memory + Learning
``` LTD LTP Intrinsic Plasticity Synaptic Plasticity Explicit: Hebbian Learning, episodic/semantic Synaptic Consolidation Systems Consolidation ```
46
Explicit Hebbian Learning
CONSOLIDATION + LTP in Learning long-term learning is based on self-assemblies - two separate neurons are repeatedly excited together, synapse changes. This is known as "neurons that fire together, wire together" - The idea that LTP happens because of the structuralized changes at the neuronal level - short-term learning was reflected in temporary electrical changes while long-term learning is based on further synaptic connections - synaptic consolidation/cellular consolidation happens at the neural level is then resulted in system level consolidation where the memories are transferred from the hippocampus to the neocortex
47
Explicit Memory
Find in textbook Episodic: Semantic:
48
Memory + Cognition
Subcortical Regions: Hippocampus Cortical Regions: Pre-frontal cortex Executive Functions: LTM, STM, WM, Attention
49
Does explicit or implicit learning use awareness/consciousness?
Explicit
50
Implicit Learning
Learning comes by a change in behavior/performance rather than concious recall Three types of implicit learning: classical conditioning, priming, procedural learning
51
Classical Conditioning
amygdala is important in fear | shown in neuroimaging
52
Priming
Perceptual priming: Involves a stimulus that has similar forms - i.e. studies would use words like goat and the result will evoke a faster response when it is preceded by the word boat because the two words are PERCEPTually similar. Conceptual priming: effects at a deeper level that can be seen on an fMRI. - good for advertising (brand names) - involves a stimulus and response that are conceptually related. Words such as "desk" and "chair" are likely to show priming effects because they are in the same CONCEPTual category.
53
Procedural Learning - name the two types
-habit learning: is instrumental/operant conditioning (i.e. teach dog how to shake hands - reinforcement and punishment). skill learning: subdivided into motor skill learning and cognitive skill learning. Motor Skill: riding a bike. Cognitive Skill: reading, writing
54
Explicit vs. Implicit Learning
Implicit: learning demonstrated by performance Explicit: learning involves a conscious process or conscious recall process
55
Cowan's Theory - The Autobiographical Knowledge Base**
BY THE EVENING ELLA SANG - a hierarchical structure involving an overall life story: - Broad Themes: work - Time Periods: first job - Event: promotion - Episodic Memory: interview - Sensory/Perceptual Info: the handshake, the weather on the day of the interview
56
The Working Self** What Happens when divorced from reality? AND Who created this theory?
when divorced from reality, the working self can produce: confabulations and delusions -Cowan's Theory
57
What parts of the brain does the Autobiographical Memory rely on?
Acronym: EVA - Executive Area - Visualization Areas in the occipital and partial lobes - Amygdala, hippocampal, and right IFG (inferior frontal gyrus) activity for the retrieval of autobiographical memory **Thus, you can see there are different types of activation. Related and different to episodic memories, semantic memory etc. -autobiographical retrival relies more on amygdala, hippocampus
58
How did the cognitive approach to memory build?
Ebbinghaus - nonsenseable words Barlett - schemas Craik - model, storage like a computer

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