Memory AO3 Flashcards
Evaluate the multi store model
+ supported by a range of evidence
Glazner found evidence for the existence of a STM and LTM as distinct memory
(PRIMACY EFFECT / RECENCY EFFECT)
x - the MSM is too simplistic
Suggests there is only one type of STM
HOWEVER Shallice found in patient KF, his verbal was poor but visual was great
x - rehearsal is less important
Evaluate types of Long Term Memory
+ - Clinical Evidence
HM + Clive Wearing are used to support types of LTM as, in both men their semantic and procedural memories were unaffected
+ supported by brain scans
Tulving found episodic and semantic memories were recalled from the pre-frontal cortex
x - Cohen disagrees with Tulving and argue episodic and semantic are stored together in one store, suggesting instead there are only two stores
Evaluate the Working Memory Model
+ - Baddeley - Letter F study
C1 - Ps performed two visual tasks at the same time (tracking a light and describing the angles of a letter F)
He found Ps found it difficult to do two visual tasks at the same time
+ many PAs
WMM is used to help children who have impaired working memory
Alloway developed several methods to improve WM in children with ADHD
x - main component is vague
The CE is the most important but is the one we know the least about
Eslinger argues there are several components within the CE
Evaluate theories of Forgetting (Interference)
+ - thousands of lab experiments support this theory of forgetting
McDonald shown that similarity can cause forgetting as shown by his study
x - Artificial Situations
As most findings of this are shown in lab studies, it could be argued that this doesn’t hold ecological validity. As well as this learning words in less realistic in a real life scenario
+ - real life support
Baddeley and Hitch: asked Rugby players to remember the names of teams they had played over the season
Findings: show accurate recall doesn’t depends on how long ago the matches took place but more the number of games they played between the one they were recalling.
The players recalled best a match from 3 weeks ago if they hadn’t played any other games within the 3 weeks
Evaluate theories of Forgetting (Retrieval Failure)
+ - has much support from research… studies such as Baddeley and Godden showing how Ps recall words better in the place they learnt the words
x - a major disadvantage of Retrieval Failure is that the ESP is untestable
This is because the ESP is an assumption
This reduces the validity of this theory as we cannot prove that the ESP exists
Evaluate factors effecting EWT (misleading information)
+ PAs - this research has lead to new procedures being implemented by the Police to effectively investigate crime, and has lead to the development of the Cognitive Interview
x - Artificial Task - Loftus and Palmer used a video clip in a lab setting, this is extremely far from a true situation
AS WELL AS THIS
research by Yuille and Cutshall interviewed 13 Ps who had witnessed an armed robbery, they interviewed them 4 months after the robbery using leading questions HOWEVER, their accounts were unaffected, this shows that leading Questions may not be as effective in real life situations
Evaluate factors effecting EWT (anxiety)
x - weapon focus is invalid
In Johnson’s study, the participants may have been surprised rather than anxious
Pickel found that EWT was poorer when there is an unusual situation such as a gun or a raw chicken being used as a weapon
x - field studies lack control
As interviews take place after the event, the eyewitnesses may have been influenced by a factor before this such as seeing the event on the news
Evaluate improving the accuracy of EWT (the cognitive interview [CI])
+ - Fisher conducted a field experiment with actual interviews of real witnesses by police detectives. The detectives used either the standard interview or the cognitive interview. They found strong support for the use of the CI.
+ real PAs - due to the effectiveness of the CI it has helped the police use EWTs more accurately
x - The CI is time consuming
x - the CI is problematic
Kohnken found that whilst also increasing accurate info it also increased inaccurate info, so the police should treat this evidence with caution
