memory and Learning

Question 1

1. Explicit memory is to ___________ as implicit memory is to ___________.:

Answer 1

b. Hippocampus; Cerebellum

Question 2

2. A young child (6 years old) is learning Italian for the first time. Judging from what you learned in NS2002, as the child forms new memories of the Italian language, the most likely changes that occur are:

Answer 2

d. The number of neuronal connections in her temporal lobe

Question 3

3. Raw sensory information coming directly from sensory systems or the Thalamus are passed to the amygdala to access memory and association circuits and may trigger stress-responses though this pathway.

Answer 3

a. True

Question 4

4. “Experiencing difficulty organizing and processing written letters and words often due to a deficiency in the left and back regions of the brain.” is a simple definition to describe which disorder?

Answer 4

A. Dyslexia

Question 5

5. The same areas of the brain DO NOT become active when an object is initially perceived and when it is vividly recalled after memorization.

Answer 5

B. False

Question 6

6. If an experimenter trained a dog to salivate at the sound of a bell, he would have demonstrated what kind of conditioning

Answer 6

B. Classical

Question 7

7. Which of the following symptoms IS NOT associated with a diagnosis of ADHD:

Answer 7

C. Higher activity in the prefrontal cortex

Question 8

8. Declarative memory is a kind of memory that deals with procedural memory and associations such as associating a campfire with pleasant feelings and the promise of tasty food.

Answer 8

B. False

Question 9

9. If a person had an accident and was only able to remember memories _______ the accident, the person most likely suffered from ________ (more than one answer may be correct)

Answer 9

A. After; Retrograde amnesia

C. Before; Anterograde amnesia

Question 10

10. What is the modification of an innate reflex by associating its normal triggering stimulus with an unrelated stimulus? This unrelated stimulus comes to trigger the original response by virtue of this repeated association.

Answer 10

B. Classical Conditioning

Question 11

11. All of the following are types of immediate memory sensory modalities EXCEPT:

Answer 11

A. Episodic memory

Question 12

12. A person was in a car accident and sustained severe head trauma. The person now suffers from memory loss and is unable to retain and learn new declarative memories. What part of the brain was most likely affected?

Answer 12

B. Hippocampus

Question 13

13. A person rides a bike to work without difficulty even though the person hasn’t ridden a bike since being a child. What type of memory accounts for this?

Answer 13

A. Procedural memory

Question 14

14. Which structure of the brain is associated with habit learning and conditioned responses?

Answer 14

D. Striatum (basal ganglia)

Question 15

15. All of the following are associated with nondeclarative memory except for:

Answer 15

C. Life History

Question 16

16. Declarative memory is best described as:

Answer 16

A. Can be brought to by consciousness

Question 17

17. Skill learning, priming, and conditioning are forms of __________.

Answer 17

D. Nondeclarative memory

Question 18

18. Amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles are a feature of a specific form of Dementia, called:

Answer 18

a. Alzheimer’s disease

Question 19

19. Judging from what you have heard in NS2002, which of the following encoding strategies would be most useful in enhancing long-term memory so that the memory is useful to solve problems?

Answer 19

d. First becoming familiar with the material through rehearsal, mnemonic devices and self-referencing and then practicing it on practice problems.

Question 20

20. ADHD seems to be associated with an imbalance in certain neurotransmitter systems. Which quite typical differences in brain activity seen in people with ADHD could this explain?

Answer 20

b. The underactivity of norepinephrine could explain a lack of top down control of attention
c. The underactivity of the reward system could explain an altered response to reward.

Question 21

21. All of the following can cause anterograde amnesia but only those who have an intact hippocampus have a high chance of regaining partial or full memory function. Which of those affected most likely can regain memory function?

Answer 21

B. Alcohol abuse

Question 22

22. Based on what was covered in NS2002, where is long term nondeclarative memory information least likely stored?

Answer 22

D. Sensory cortices

Question 23

23. Which of the following would least likely effect language learning?

Answer 23

A. Hyperthymesia

Question 24

24. Memories which are not easily vocalized and includes procedural information is:

Answer 24

C. Implicit memory

Question 25

25. In the case of Henry Molaison (HM), in the course of the treatment of his epilepsy, one of the deficits he incurred was the loss of fear perception. The removal of which brain part most likely caused this particular deficit?

Answer 25

d) Amygdala

Question 26

26. What would be the best example of declarative working memory?

Answer 26

B. The memory of the question you are currently trying to answer (question # 25)

Question 27

27. What would be the best example of proactive interference of memory?

Answer 27

B. The memory of a dog attacking you a week ago altered the memory of a dog you met last night while walking home in the dark

Question 28

28. A person suffers from hyperthymesia, a condition in which the person is able to remember most life events in vivid detail. What adverse effects might this most likely have?

Answer 28

A. The person might feel overwhelmed by memories that keep playing in their head
B. The person might withdraw to avoid being exposed to too much information
C. School can feel overwhelming because of too much information

Question 29

29. After successful fear conditioning within the amygdala, which statement if correct?

Answer 29

c. Any stimulus that is basically the same as the conditioned stimulus may trigger a fear response regardless of the actual situation.

Question 30

30. Which is the most typical alteration of brain activity in Post traumatic stress disorder/syndrome can explain its most typical symptoms best?

Answer 30

A. Increased activity of the amygdala

Question 31

31. You meet an old school friend for the first time after your friend had a serious brain injury. Someone told you that your friend has retrograde amnesia. What do you expect might happen?

Answer 31

f) Your friend might not remember that you went to school together

Question 32

Retrograde amnesia

Answer 32

the inability to access long-term memories that were made prior to the incident that caused the memory loss.

Question 33

what causes retrograde amnesia

Answer 33

Damaged areas can include the hippocampus, temporal lobe, widespread damages to the cortex, or thiamine (Vitamin B1) deficiency (often, but not always caused by chronic drinking).

Question 34

involved in memory retrieval (at least some of it)

Answer 34

hippocampus

Question 35

houses hippocampus and associated areas and is also a major storage of long-term memory throughout.

Answer 35

Temporal lobe:

Question 36

without it neurons can’t really function

Answer 36

vitamin B1

Question 37

damage to the cortex

Answer 37

: long-term memory is stored all over the place in the cortex.

Question 38

An elderly person with severe trouble with memory recall and genetic markers.

Answer 38

C. Alzheimer’s Disease

Question 39

Someone who suffered a stroke and is at times getting lost and forgetting what they were trying to say

Answer 39

A. Mild-Cognitive Impairment

Question 40

Someone in their late 30’s with jerky movements and trouble producing speech.

Answer 40

B. Huntington’s Disease

Question 41

An alcoholic.

Answer 41

A. Korsakoff’s syndrome

Question 42

Korsakoff’s syndrome

Answer 42

vitamin B1 deficiency

Question 43

A child unable to understand numbers and mathematical equations.

Answer 43

D. Dyscalculia

Question 44

learning new instrument

Answer 44

motor skill

Question 45

cerebellum, basal ganglia and motor cortices are involved in

Answer 45

learning a new skill

Question 46

coordination and sequential learning

Answer 46

basal ganglia

Question 47

fine motor movements

Answer 47

cerebellum

Question 48

receive signals from basal ganglia and cerebellum and makes motor programs

Answer 48

motor cortices

Question 49

information stored in a more permanent form for days, weeks, or even a lifetime.

Answer 49

long term declarative memory

Question 50

. Memory Consolidation

Answer 50

short term memories are gradually encoded as long-term memories

Question 51

destroys neurons which are connected to areas of the brain responsible for memory – including the hippocampus

Answer 51

alzheimer’s

Question 52

brain’s inability to store new information.

Answer 52

anterograde amnesia

Question 53

method is better for learning stereotypic tasks while, watch and repeat

Answer 53

“Vier-Stufen-Methode”

Question 54

method is better suited for the learning of tasks that require problem solving.

Answer 54

“Kognitive Unterwisung”

Question 55

memory and aging

Answer 55

as we age there is a decrease in synapses and neuron connections are lost

Question 56

brain areas for long term storage of non declarative memory

Answer 56

basal ganglia cerebellum and motor cortex

Question 57

: A difficulty organizing and processing written letters and words often due to a deficiency in the left and back regions of the brain. Results in trouble reading and therefore writing.

Answer 57

dyslexia

Question 58

A learning disability which effects the motor skills used in writing (output).

Answer 58

dysgraphia

Question 59

Math dyslexia”; inability to learn and perform basic math functions and associating math symbols with their meaning. Difficulty understanding math equations and numbers.

Answer 59

dyscalculia

Question 60

Adjusting a reflexive movement to make it more accurate or learning to respond with a reflex to a stimulus through classical conditioning

Answer 60

Cerebellum

Question 61

The sequence of movements that need to be carried out to do something. Also, developing habits and associations though conditioning of the reward system.

Answer 61

basal ganglia

Question 62

responding to stimulus

Answer 62

amygdala