Memory and Learning

Question 1

What are the 4 processes for memory?

Answer 1

Encoding
Consolidation
Storage
Retrieval

Question 2

What are the types of long-term memories?

Answer 2

Declarative (explicit) and non-declarative (implicit) memories

Question 3

What are the types of declarative memories?

Answer 3

Episodic and semantic memories

Question 4

What are the types of non-declarative memories?

Answer 4

Performance in motor tasks
Perceptuo motor tasks
Perceptual skills
Priming effects
Simple associative conditioning

Question 5

With HM’s hippocampectomy, what functions were compromised?

Answer 5

The ability to consolidate memories, specific to explicit, declarative long-term memory. Working memory and perceptual memory were spared.

Question 6

What five main structures participate in the consolidation of declarative long-term memory?

Answer 6

• Hippocampus
• rhinal cortices (entorhinal and perirhinal cortex and parahippocampal gyrus),
• anterior and dorsomedial nuclei of thalamus
• mammillary bodies
• Basal forebrain

Question 7

What structure is important in the consolidation of temporal information associated with episodic declarative long-term memory?

Answer 7

Frontal lobes

Question 8

What structure is important for consolidation of spatial context of episodic declarative long-term memory?

Answer 8

Medial temporal lobe regions

Question 9

Where does storage of declarative long-term memory occur?

Answer 9

Secondary sensory and association cortices

Question 10

What is suggested to be involved in the retrieval of declarative-long term memory?

Answer 10

Mid-ventrolateral prefrontal cortex

Question 11

What regions are suggested to be involved in the consolidation of implicit, non-declarative long-term memory (name 4)?

Answer 11

• Caudate
• Putamen
• Cerebellum
• Thalamic motor nuclei

Question 12

Where does storage of procedural, non-declarative long-term memory take place?

Answer 12

Premotor and supplementary motor cortices

Question 13

What brain region plays a critical role in working memory?

Answer 13

Dorsolateral prefrontal cortex

Question 14

Which side of the cortex is critical for verbal working memory? Visuo-geometric working memory?

Answer 14

Left DLPFC = verbal working memory

Right DLPFC = Visuo-geometric working memory

Question 15

What cortical circuit is involved in declarative memory? What circuit is involved in non-declarative memory?

Answer 15

Declarative memory = Cortico-limbic-diencephalic system

Non-declarative memory = Cortico-striatal system