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Forensic Psychology > Memory and its distortions > Flashcards

Memory and its distortions Flashcards

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1
Q

What are Schachter’s Seven Sins of Memory? (7)

A

Transcience
Absent-mindedness
Blocking
Misattribution
Suggestibility
Bias
Persistence

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2
Q

Which seven sins of memory relate to forgetting? (3)

A

Transcience
Absent-mindedness
Blocking

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3
Q

Which seven sins of memory relate to distortion or inaccuracy (3)

A

Misattribution
Suggestibility
Bias

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4
Q

Which sevens sins of memory relate to pathological remembering? (1)

A

Persistence

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5
Q

What is transience? (3)

A

Forgetting a phone number, name,
appointment, etc.
Ebbinghaus (1885): Forgetting
curve
Shows that information is rapidly
forgotten over time

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6
Q

What are flashbulb memories? (4)

A

Distinct, vivid, detailed memories, often for some sort of public event

Participants report very strong memories about which they are extremely confident

They report details like who told them, where, ongoing event, emotional responses (self and other) and any consequences

Memories for crimes may be like FB
memorie

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7
Q

What can long-term forgetting may be due to? (2)

A

Retrieval of failure
Actual loss of a memory

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8
Q

Slave systems in the working memory model - visuospatial sketchpad and phonological loop (3)

A

Visuo-spatial sketchpad stores a limited amount information

Information is stored here in a
temporal and serial fashion

Allows rehearsal for the retention
of information

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9
Q

Phonological loop of working memory model (3)

A

Responsible for ‘inner speech’

Measured using memory span
tasks

Most people can remember 7±2
items

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10
Q

How is the phonological loop implicated in transience (1)

A

Unless attended to and ‘rehearsed’
information may be lost very quickly

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11
Q

Neuropsychology evidence for transience (6)

A

HM had drastic brain surgery to
reduce epilepsy
- non-functioning hippocampus
- the hippocampus must be crucial
in memory formation
- Not where memories are stored,
but involved in the gradual
transition from STM to LTM

Patient HM was unable to remember
information for more than a few
seconds

Could retain some information from
the past, but unable learn anything
new

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12
Q

How to reduce transience (3)

A

Greater mental effort
Deep processing

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13
Q

What do animal models suggest about the regions of the brain involved in transience and its reduction (2)

A

Animal models support the
view that distinct, identifiable
regions of the brain - including
the hippocampus – play a role
in transience and its
reduction

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14
Q

What is absent mindedness? (2)

A

Absent mindedness occurs due to paying insufficient attention at encoding or encoding has been
only superficial

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15
Q

Absent mindedness and age (3)

A

People of all ages report absent-mindedness

Older adults are much more absent minded than young adults

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16
Q

How can attention explain the effect of age on absent-mindedness and recall (3)

A

Oolder adults have less capacity to
direct attention to the task at hand

Attention is clearly involved in the encoding stage – you cannot recall what you do not
attend to

Less attention results in poorer recall later, often due to the automaticity of tasks

17
Q

What is blocking (2)

A

Temporary inaccessibility of required information
Tip-of-the-Tongue (T.O.T.) states

18
Q

How is blocking different to transience (2)

A

The information has been encoded

The information is still stored (has
not been ‘lost’)

19
Q

How is blocking different to absent mindedness (2)

A

The information has been encoded

You are often able to retrieve partial
information

20
Q

How did Shaw, Bjork & Handal (1995) investigate blocking? (3)

A

Participants observed slides of a ‘crime scene’

They were asked repeated questions about some items from some
categories (e.g. clothes), but some items from that category were not asked about at all

Some categories were not asked about at all (e.g. books)

21
Q

What did Shaw, Bjork & Handal (1995) find about blocking? (3)

A

Reported inhibitory effects of practice on recall, leading to blocking

Participants recalled more about items from non-asked about
categories than they did about the non-retrieved items from ‘asked about’ categories – successful retrieving of some items blocks access to related
items

22
Q

What is misattribution? (1)

A

Memories may sometimes be
attributed to the wrong ‘source’

23
Q

What is the DRM (Deese/Roediger-McDermott) procedure in misattribution? (3)

A

Easy to get participants to say with confidence that they have seen items that they have not in fact encountered previously

Veridical versus illusory recognition

DRM – participants rely on semantic features or ‘gist’

24
Q

What is the problem with DRM and source misattribution? (2)

A

Source misattribution involves real memories, but they become confused, whereas the DRM procedure is based on falsely recalling / recognising information
that never happened

25
Q

What is suggestibility? (3)

A

Incorporation of external
information into personal
recollection

Eyewitness testimony very
susceptible

26
Q

Who shows how easy it is to distort memories through suggestion? (1)

A

Loftus and Palmer

27
Q

What is consistency bias? (1)

A

Recollections typically exaggerate the consistency between past and present attitudes

28
Q

What is persistence? (3)

A

Problematic remembering
The inability to unwanted memories
Influenced by emotion

29
Q

Which brain region plays a role in persistence? (3)

A

Amygdala
Plays a crucial role in
the consolidation of emotional
long-term memories – the degree
of amygdala activation by
emotional content, during encoding
correlates with subsequent reca

30
Q

What is Post-traumatic stress disorder? (7)

A

Traumatic event

Impairment to important areas of function (work, social life)

Intrusions – memories, dreams, sense of event recurring

Avoidance – unwillingness to recall event or see people / places etc.

Hyperarousal – irritability / anger, self-destructive behaviours

Negative alterations to cognitions: Inability to recall
details, persistent exaggerated negative beliefs

Symptoms persist for 1 month or more

31
Q

Why are the seven sins of forgetting not always problematic? (7)

A

Transience, absent mindedness and blocking are essential, we would be
overwhelmed without them

Misattributions – frequently we do not need all of the detail, just the key
aspects

Suggestibility results from the weak encoding of some of these
aspects

Biases frequently result from the application of schema-like material, and these are essential for our day-to-day functioning

Persistence – it is important that we recall information about traumatic
events for our future survival

Forensic Psychology (10 decks)

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