Memory And Emotion

Question 1

Psychology researchers of Washington University. Shock and recall

Answer 1

Viewing emotional images immediately after taking a test enhances people’s retention of the tested material. Learning is enhanced by the (negative) emotion

Question 2

Berntsen, Rubin & Talarico

Answer 2

• Memories related to positive emotions are encoded better

* Positive emotions enhance recall of peripheral details

Question 3

Mood-dependent memory

Answer 3

Info learned in a particular mood is more likely to be recalled in the same mood.
•Content - dependent memory - Godden and Baddeley 1975
•State - dependent memory - Goodwin et al 1969

Question 4

Christian 1992; Tobias et al 1992

Answer 4

Emotional responses to an event are retained independently from the event itself

Question 5

Schelach and Nachson 2001

Answer 5

• Auschwitz camp survivors
• Questionnaire - 60%
• Poor face recognition
• clear free recollection - traumatic memories are vividly presented.
• Enhanced recall - repeated rehearsal and elaboration

Question 6

Wagenaar and Groenweg 1990

Answer 6

• Camp Erica survivors
• Described experiences shortly after liberation, then again decades later
• Major discrepancies. Remembered general details, specific events were distorted.

Question 7

Safer et al 1998

Answer 7

Slides of a car accident. 4 neutral, 5th - victim lying on the car bonnet.
•Identify original slide - different angles
•21 / 24 - false chose close-up

Question 8

Eastbrook 1959

Answer 8

Emotional arousal leads to narrowing of attention. Concentration on central details at the expense of peripheral details.
•Tunnel memory

Question 9

Christianson and Loftus 1987

Answer 9

• Emotional and non-emotional slides
• Write a distinguishing feature
• Emotional - better recall of written details

Question 10

Wagenaar 1986

Answer 10

Diary of the events over 6 years. Rated events for importance, emotion and pleasantness.
•Able to recall peasant events better than unpleasant or neutral

Question 11

Christianson and Hubinette 1993

Answer 11

• Memories of witnesses to post office robberies
• Interviewed 5-15 months after, compared to original police reports.
• Central details consistent over time, circumstantial details - inconsistent

Question 12

Christianson and Loftus 1990

Answer 12

• Describe most traumatic memory and rate for clarity and type of info.
• Central details- increased with emotionality. No change to peripheral details

Question 13

Conway et al 1994

Answer 13

FM for Thatcher resignation increased with emotionality. Emotional arousal enhances memory

Question 14

Clifford and Hollin 1981

Answer 14

• Staged video- violent and non-violent

* Violent version - less able to remember details of the event or recognise the man

Question 15

LeDoux 1995

Answer 15

Individuals with damage to amygdala unable to recognise expressions of fear

Question 16

Ekman 1984

Answer 16

6 basic emotions:
Sadness
Joy
Surprise
Fear
Anger
Disgust