Memory

Question 1

encoding in short term memory

Answer 1

acoustic

Question 2

encoding in long term memory

Answer 2

semantic

Question 3

capacity in short term memory

Answer 3

plus or minus 7

Question 4

capacity in long term

Answer 4

unlimited capacity

Question 5

duration long term

Answer 5

infinite

Question 6

duration short term

Answer 6

20-30 seconds

Question 7

what is a leading question

Answer 7

a leading question is a question which suggests an answer to a subject

Question 8

loftus and zanni study on the effect of words on the memory

Answer 8

loftus and zanni found that the difference between using a and the could alter the participants memory of if there was a broken headlight in the scene. a implies there’s doubt whether there’s a headlight while the implies there is one in the scene. 7 percent said there was in condition “a” 17 % said “the” said there was one in condition “the”

real life application.

Question 9

loftus and palmer study experiment 2

Answer 9

loftus and palmer showed a clip of car crash to students. they asked the participants if they had seen broken glass. using different words such as collided smashed to describe the car crash. people in the condition with the word smashed were more likely to say that there was broken glass.

Question 10

loftus and palmer study experiment 1

Answer 10

showed a clip of a car crash asked students to estimate how fast the cars were travelling using different words to describe the crash. such as collided hit, bump. higher impact words such as smashed produced the highest estimates of speed of around 40 mph while contacted scored the lowest at 31.4 mph

Question 11

what were loftus and palmers explanations for the results in 1

Answer 11

Response-bias factors: The misleading information provided may have simply influenced the answer a person gave (a ‘response-bias’) but didn’t actually lead to a false memory of the event. For example, the different speed estimates occur because the critical word (e.g. ‘smash’ or ‘hit’) influences or biases a person’s response.
The memory representation is altered: The critical verb changes a person’s perception of the accident - some critical words would lead someone to have a perception of the accident being more serious. This perception is then stored in a person’s memory of the event.

Question 12

what is proactive interference

Answer 12

when previous learning interferes with the retrieval of new learning

Question 13

what is retroactive interference

Answer 13

when new learning interferes with the retrieval of old learning

Question 14

outline the working memory model

Answer 14

central executive- It is responsible for monitoring and coordinating the operation of the slave systems . little is known how it functions
episodic buffer- The episodic buffer acts as a ‘backup’ store which communicates with both long-term memory and the components of working memory.
viso-spatial pad- correlates all visual information, used for navigation
phonological loop- correlates all auditory information. 1. stores all speech perception and stores it.

Question 15

what is a cognitive interview

Answer 15

a cognitive interview is a questioning technique used by the police to enhance retrieval of information about a crime scene for eyewitnesses and victims memory

Question 16

what are the crucial features of cognitive interview

Answer 16

change of order
change of perspective
mental reinstatement
in-depth reporting

Question 17

geiselman et al. procedure

Answer 17

participants viewed a violent film and after 48 hours were interviewed by a police man using the following methods

Question 18

evaluation for working memory model

Answer 18

supporting evidence from dual task studies e.g robinsons chess players
kf case study
lack of clarity over central executive and episodic buffer
research evidence from brain scans that there are different parts of the brain that are anatomically different. supports role of CE in the prefrontal lobe
predictive valididty- could have real life application in education

Question 19

evaluation for multi store memory model

Answer 19

supporting evidence from lab studies
supporting evidence from real life case studies
oversimplified
confusion to how seperate both models are

Question 20

different types of validity

Answer 20

internal
external
population, concurrent,temporal predictive

Question 21

mnemonic for evaluation points

Answer 21

validity
ethics
reliability
application

Question 22

encoding specifity principle

Answer 22

Encoding specificity is a principle that states that human memories are more easily retrieved if external conditions (emotional cues) at the time of retrieval are similar to those in existence at the time the memory was stored.

Question 23

duration for sensory register

Answer 23

millisecconds

Question 24

retrieval failure due to lack of cues

Answer 24

state dependent forgetting and context dependant forgetting

Goodwin et al. (1969) investigated the effect of alcohol on state-dependent retrieval. They found that when people encoded information when drunk, they were more likely to recall it in the same state. For example, when they hid money and alcohol when drunk, they were unlikely to find them when sober. However, when they were drunk again, they often discovered the hiding place. Other studies found similar state-dependent effects when participants were given drugs such as marijuana.

Baddeley (1975) indicates the importance of setting for retrieval. Baddeley (1975) asked deep-sea divers to memorize a list of words. One group did this on the beach and the other group underwater. When they were asked to remember the words half of the beach learners remained on the beach, the rest had to recall underwater.

Half of the underwater group remained there and the others had to recall on the beach. The results show that those who had recalled in the same environment (i.e. context) which that had learned recalled 40% more words than those recalling in a different environment. This suggests that the retrieval of information is improved if it occurs in the context in which it was learned.

Question 25

study on short term duration

Answer 25

Peterson and Peterson participants fiven trigrams to remember. control backwards and to prevent rehearsal and asked to reccall after. ( 1, 3 6, 9,12 15,18 secconds)

findings- 3 seconds- 80% of trigrams were correctly recalled only 10 % were correctly recalled at 18 secconds

Question 26

case study of KF

Answer 26

kf had a motor accident. he had problems with his short term memory but not his long term memory. he could only remember 2 items at one time. They also found that KF’s short-term memory deficit was limited to verbal materials (e.g. letters, words) and did not extend to meaningful sounds (e.g. cats mewing), in other words he couldn’t remember things like words, but could remember meaningful sounds.