Memory

Question 1

Processes: encoding storage and retrieval. (Part 1 of memory)

-Encoding

Answer 1

The information must be translated into a form so that it can be held in your brain.

Question 2

Processes: encoding storage and retrieval (part 1 of memory)

-storage

Answer 2

The information is kept in your brain for a period of time - possibly even a lifetime.

Question 3

Processes: encoding storage and retrieval (part 1 of memory)

-retrieval

Answer 3

The process of being able to access information that has been stored in your brain and being able to use it.

Question 4

Processes: encoding storage and retrieval (part 1 of memory)

-visual encoding

Answer 4

Memories which are stored visually

Question 5

Processes: encoding storage and retrieval (part 1 of memory)

-acoustic encoding

Answer 5

Memories which are stored in terms of what they sound like.

Question 6

Processes: encoding storage and retrieval (part 1 of memory)

-semantic encoding

Answer 6

Memories which are stored according to their meaning

Question 7

Processes: encoding storage and retrieval (part 1 of memory)

-tactile encoding

Answer 7

Memories of what things feel like

Question 8

Processes: encoding storage and retrieval (part 1 of memory)

-olfactory encoding

Answer 8

Memories of what things smell like

Question 9

Processes: encoding storage and retrieval (part 1 of memory)

Long term memory

Answer 9

Has a very large capacity and a very long duration. Coding is mainly semantic. This is our permanent memory. For example your address name.

Question 10

Processes: encoding storage and retrieval (part 1 of memory)

-short term memory

Answer 10

Has limited capacity and limited duration. Information tends to be encoded in terms of sounds (acoustic). This is a temporary store - information may simply disappear or may be passed to long term memory if rehearsed repeatedly

Question 11

Processes: encoding storage and retrieval (part 1 of memory)

-recognition

Answer 11

For example , seeing someone and being able to identify who they are - which is different from trying to recall what someone looks like.

Question 12

Processes: encoding storage and retrieval (part 1 of memory)

-cued recall

Answer 12

You try and remember a piece of information and someone gives you a clue or cue (‘it begins with a B’) and you can remember it.

Question 13

Processes: encoding storage and retrieval (part 1 of memory)

-feee recall

Answer 13

Retrieval without cues

Question 14

Processes: LTM (part 3 of memory)

-semantic

Answer 14

A long term store for our knowledge of the world. This includes facts and our knowledge of what words and concepts mean. These memories need to be recalled deliberately.

Question 15

Processes: LTM (part 3 of memory)

-procedural

Answer 15

A long term memory store for our knowledge of how to do things. This includes our memories of learned skills. We usually recall these memories without making a conscious or deliberate effort

Question 16

Processes: LTM (part 3 of memory)

-episodic

Answer 16

A long term memory store for personal events. It includes memories of when the events occurred and of the people, objects, places and behaviours involved. Memories from this store have to be retrieved consciously and with effort.

Question 17

Processes: LTM (part 3 of memory)

-declarative memories

Answer 17

Episodic / semantic memories are grouped together as declarative memories because they require more conscious recall.

Question 18

Processes: LTM (part 3 of memory)

-non-declarative memories

Answer 18

Procedural memory doesn’t require conscious recall and so is classified as non-declarative

Question 19

Structures: Multi-store model

Answer 19

States that there are three memory stores and each has different encoding, capacity and duration. Information moves between these stores through either attention or rehearsal.

Question 20

Structures: Sensory memory

Answer 20

Holds information from the senses for a short time and has a large capacity. Paying attention to information transfers it to the STM.

Question 21

Structures: Role of rehearsal

Answer 21

Verbal repetition (rehearsal) keeps information in STM.
If information is rehearsed for long enough it is transferred into LTM.

Question 22

Structures: Primacy effect

Answer 22

Words at the beginning of a list are remembered more as they have been rehearsed and have become long-term memories.

Question 23

Structures: recency effect

Answer 23

Words at the end of a list are remembered more as they have been heard recently so are in short-term memory.

Question 24

Active process: The theory

Answer 24

The War of the Ghosts study demonstrated that memory is an active process. People remember overall meaning of events and, when retrieving information, they rebuild.
Memory is inaccurate

Question 25

Active process: Reconstruction

Answer 25

We record small pieces of information in long-term memory.

During recall we recombine them to tell the whole story. Each time, the elements are combined slightly differently.

Question 26

Active process: Social and cultural influences

Answer 26

The way that information is stored and recalled is affected by social and cultural expectations, like ‘going fishing’ rather than ‘hunting seals’.

Question 27

Active process: Effort after meaning

Answer 27

We focus on the meaning of events and make an effort to understand the meaning to make sense of the parts of the story.

Question 28

Accuracy of memory: Interference

Answer 28

If two memories compete with each other, one memory may prevent us from accessing the other memory.

Question 29

Accuracy of memory: Context

Answer 29

Other things that are present at the time of learning act as a cue for recall. This improves the accuracy of memory.

Question 30

Accuracy of memory: False memory

Answer 30

A memory for something that did not happen but a person thinks it is a true memory.