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psychology year 12 > memory > Flashcards

memory Flashcards

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1
Q

What property of memory is best described as how long a memory store can keep information?

A

Duration refers to how long a memory can be stored. If a memory store has a longer duration, the information can be stored for a longer period of time.

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2
Q

what does capacity mean

A

Capacity refers to how much information can be stored in a memory store. The larger the capacity of the memory store, the greater amount of information that can be stored

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3
Q

what does coding mean

A

Coding refers to the format of the information being stored. Different types of information are coded differently, depending on where the information is coming from.

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4
Q

what does longer duration mean?

A

information can be kept for longer

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5
Q

what are the three properties on which memory stores can vary are

A

coding, capacity and duration

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6
Q

acoustic code

A

acoustic coding is the storing of information in terms of the sound

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7
Q

visual code

A

the process of encoding images and visual sensory information.

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8
Q

what is sensory coding

A

storing sensory information

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9
Q

what is the memory store that holds sensory information for a very short period of time while we process the information

A

sensory register

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10
Q

what did sterling want to determine

A

how many letters his participants would recall

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11
Q

what feature of sensory memory was sterling investigating

A

capacity

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12
Q

what did Sperling want to determine

A

how many letters his participants would recall

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13
Q

what was the method for Sperling’s study

A
  • 4 by 3 grids of letters were displayed for milliseconds
  • there are two conditions: full grid recall one row recall
  • He conducted a lab experiment investigating the capacity of sensory register
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14
Q

how many seconds does the sensory register hold information

A

1-2 seconds

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15
Q

what was the results of sperling’s study

A

the sensory register has large capacity and a short duration

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16
Q

what was the results of Sperling’s study

A

the sensory register has large capacity and a short duration

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17
Q

what conditions did Sperling use in his study

A

Sperling’s study had two conditions. One where the participants had to recall as many of the 12 letters as possible, and another where they had to recall just the one row. This happened immediately after the grid was shown, so participants did not have time to attach meaning to the letters before recall.

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18
Q

what were the results of Sperling’s study

A

In condition 1, where participants had to recall the entire grid, they usually recalled around 4-7 letters. When participants were asked to recall only one of the rows, they usually recalled around 3 letters.

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19
Q

what did Sperling conclude ?

A

Sperling concluded that the sensory register had a large capacity. Sperling argued that the capacity size of the sensory register was the reason that participants could recall most of the letters in a single row condition.

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20
Q

what did Sperling conclude about the duration length

A

participants could only recall 4-5 letters

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21
Q

what was the reason for the amount of words recalled

A

the short duration led to some letters being forgotten in the full grid condition by the time they had to recall the letters

22
Q

what is the short term memory

A
  • the limited capacity memory store
  • coding mainly acoustic (sounds)
  • capacity is between 5 and 9 items on average
23
Q

what is the long term memory

A
  • the permanent memory store
  • coding is mainly sematic (meaning)
  • it has unlimited capacity and can store up to a lifetime ‘
24
Q

what is the multi store model of memory

A

Atkinson and Shiffrin’s multi store model is a representation of how memory works in terms if three stores called sensory register, STM and LTM. it describes how information is transferred from one store to another, how it is remembered and how it is forgotten

25
Q

what are the two main stores of the multi store model of memory

A

iconic memory- visual information is coded visually

echoic memory- sound and auditory information is coded acoustically

26
Q

what is maintenance rehearsal

A

occurs when we repeat material to ourselves. if we rehearse it long enough it transfers to long term memory

27
Q

what is retrieval

A

retrieval is the ability to access information when you need it. information is stored in LTM, when we recall it, it has to be transferred back to STM by a retrieval

28
Q

advantages for the multi store model of memory

A

-studies into coding, capacity and duration demonstrate differences between STM and LTM.

29
Q

limitations of the multi store model of memory

A
  • there is more than one type of STM, studies of amnesia show different STM for auditory and visual material
  • more than one type o rehearsal, elaborative rehearsal necessary for transfer to LTM, not maintenance rehearsal
30
Q

what are the three types of LTM that Tulving proposed

A

episodic, sematic and procedural

31
Q

what is episodic memory

A

ability to recall events (episodes) from our lives. e.g. objects/ places. memories from this store have to be retrieved consciously and with effort

32
Q

what is sematic memory

A

memory for knowledge of the world like an dictionary. includes language. needs to be recorded deliberately

33
Q

what is procedural memory

A

memory store for knowledge on how to do things =. this incudes our memories of learnt skills. we usually recall these memories without making a conscious or deliberate hope

34
Q

advantages of the three different multi store models proposed by Tulving

A

Clive and Hm had damaged episodic memories but sematic and procedural memories were fine. This evidence that there are three different stores in LTM. one store can be damaged but other stores unaffected.

neuroimaging evidence. episodic and procedural memories recalled from different parts of the pre frontal cortex

35
Q

what is the working memory model

A

is an explanation of how one aspect of memory (STM) is organised and how it functions. concerned with the part of the mind that is active when we are temporarily storing and manipulating information

36
Q

what are four main components of the WMM

A

central executive
phonological loop
visual sketch patch
episodic buffer

37
Q

what is the central executive

A

co-ordinates slave systems and allocates resources, very limited storage

38
Q

what is the phonological loop

A

limited capacity. processes information in terms of sound. this includes both written and spoken material. it is divided into phonological store and the articulatory process

39
Q

what is the phonological store

A

stores words you hear

40
Q

what is the articulatory process

A

maintenance rehearsal

41
Q

what is the visual sketchpad

A

limited capacity. processes visual and spatial information in a mental space often called or “inner eye”. Logie divided the VSS into the visual cache and inner scribe

42
Q

what is the visual cache

A

stores visual date

43
Q

what is the inner scribe

A

spatial arrangement

44
Q

what is the episodic buffer

A

brings together material from other sub-systems into a single memory rather than separate strands. provides bridge between STM and LTM

45
Q

Advantages of the WMM

A

patient KF had poor auditory memory but good spatial memory damaged phonological loop. VSS fine

46
Q

limitations of WMM

A

lack of clarity over central executive, not fully explained yet probably has different components

47
Q

what is the interference theory

A
  • forgetting because one memory blocks another, causing one or both memories to be distorted or forgotten
  • explanation for forgetting in LTM.
48
Q

what are the two types interference

A

proactive interference

retroactive interference

49
Q

what is proactive interreference

A

forgetting occurs when older memories, already sorted, disrupt the recall of newer memories. the degree of forgetting is greater when memories are similar

50
Q

retroactive interference

A

forgetting occurs when newer memories disrupt the recall of older memories are similar

51
Q

what is retrieval failure

A

a form of forgetting. it occurs when we don’t have necessary cues to access memory is available but not accessible unless a suitable cue is provided

52
Q

duration

A

the length of time information can be held in memory

psychology year 12 (7 decks)

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