Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Processing the Environment > Memory > Flashcards

Memory Flashcards

1
Q

What is encoding?

A

the process of transferring sensory information into our memory system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is the serial position effect?

A

in an immediate recall condition, an individual is more likely to recall the first and last items on a list (primary and recency)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Who developed the serial position effect?

A

Ebbinghaus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Why is it hypothesized that the first items are recalled?

A

because they have had the most time to be encoded and transferred to long term memory

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Why is it hypothesized that the last items are recalled?

A

because they are still in the phonological loop and are readily available

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is the dual coding hypothesis?

A

it is easier to remember words associated with images than just words or images alone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

True or False - long term memory is believed to have an infinite capacity?

A

True

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What area of the brain is associated with short term memory?

A

the hippocampus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What area of the brain is associated with working memory?

A

the prefrontal cortex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What are the 2 types of long term memory?

A
  1. explicit memory

2. implicit memory

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is explicit memory?

A

this is memory with conscious recall

also called “declarative memory”

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What are the types of explicit memory?

A
  • episodic (personal events & experiences)

- semantic (facts & general knowledge)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Reminiscing about your first kiss is an example of what type of memory?

A

explicit: episodic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Recalling that Sacramento is the capitol of California is an example of what type of memory?

A

explicit: semantic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is implicit memory?

A

this is memory without conscious recall

also called “nondeclarative memory”

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is a type of implicit memory?

A

procedural, which involves motor skills and actions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Folding laundry, driving your car and brushing your teeth are what kind of memory?

A

implicit - its an almost automatic reaction that does not require conscious focus

“It’s just like riding a bike”

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is neural plasticity?

A

the ability of the brain’s networks of neurons and synapses to change

  • the brain is able to reorganize in response to a stroke or TBI; lost tissue can be taken over by unaffected areas
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is memory consolidation?

A

the strengthening of the neural network that represents a memory

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is long term potentiation (LTP)?

A

the increase in likelihood that presynaptic input will trigger an action potential in the postsynaptic neuron

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is mood dependent memory?

A

what we learn in one state is most easily recalled when we are once again in that emotional state

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

When someone is depressed, events in the past that were sad are more likely to come to the forefront of their mind. What is this an example of?

A

mood dependent memory

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What is the learning curve?

A

frequent review of information over time slows forgetting

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What is the forgetting curve?

A

unreviewed information is quickly forgotten over time

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What are the different types of amnesia?

A
  • retrograde amnesia

- anterograde amnesia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

The inability to encode NEW memories is called…..?

A

anterograde amnesia

“ante” = after

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

The inability to remember OLD memories is called….?

A

retrograde amnesia

“retro” = before

28
Q

The process of ______ describes the fading of a memory.

A

decay

29
Q

In terms of memory, what is “interference?”

A

this is a phenomenon that prevents successful memory retrieval

30
Q

What are the 2 types of memory interference?`

A
  1. retroactive interference

2. proactive interference

31
Q

What is retroactive interference?

A

when newly learned material interferes with retrieval of OLDER information

32
Q

What is an example of retroactive interference?

A

At a concert, the band plays all of the songs from their new album, but struggle to remember the words to a fan favorite song that they wrote 10 years ago.

33
Q

What is proactive interference?

A

when previously learned material interferes with retrieval of NEW material

34
Q

What is an example of proactive interference?

A

you lost your cell phone and need to get a new one; however, whenever someone asks you for your phone number you continue to give them your old number

35
Q

What is “working memory?”

A

whatever you are thinking about at this very moment

also called “short term memory”

36
Q

What is “retrieval?”

A

the process of finding information stored in memory

37
Q

What are the main retrieval cues?

A
  1. priming
  2. context
  3. state/mood dependent
38
Q

What are the 3 types of retrieval?

A
  1. free recall
  2. cued recall
  3. recognition
39
Q

What is memory reconstruction?

A

when we retrieve a memory, we re-activate the neural network that represents the memory

this activation provides an opportunity for changes to be made in that network and the associated memory

40
Q

What is the “misinformation effect?”

A

the tendency to misremember

41
Q

What are the ways in which someone misremembers?

A
  • being provided FALSE information

- being provided MISLEADING information

42
Q

What are false memories?

A

inaccurate recollections of an event

-often expressed with extreme confidence

43
Q

What can result in creating false memories?

A

implanting of ideas

44
Q

What is source monitoring?

A

forgetting where the information came from

45
Q

What are flashbulb memories?

A

high detailed, exceptionally vivid “snapshots” of an event

*people tend to remember exactly where they were and what they were doing when the event in question was happening

46
Q

True or False - flashbulb memories are not susceptible to misinformation or reconstruction

A

False - flashbulb memories are just as susceptible, even though they seem as real as life

47
Q

What is the phenomenon of “spreading activation?”

A

where one item triggers an activation of related memories

*when tested on things that have been presented, people often retrieve items NOT presented

48
Q

Remembering to do things in the future is an example of…….

A

prospective memory

49
Q

When would prospective memory be stronger?

A

when there are cues in the environment, such as the elderly having several alarms set throughout the day to remind them to take their medications

*if there aren’t cues, the person may “fail to remember to remember”

50
Q

What types of memory remains stable with age?

A
  • implicit / procedural memory

- recognition

51
Q

What types of memory improve with age?

A
  • general info (semantic & crystallized intelligence)
  • crystallized intelligence
  • reasoning skills
52
Q

What types of memory decline with age?

A
  • recall
  • explicit memory (episodic)
  • fluid intelligence
  • processing speed
  • divided attention
53
Q

What is “dementia?”

A

-memory / cognitive decline that impairs daily life

54
Q

What is the most common form of dementia?

A

Alzheimer’s Disease (AD)

55
Q

What is the genesis of Korsakoff’s Syndrome?

A

cognitive impairment due to thiamine deficiency (B1)

56
Q

What are the main causes of Korsakoff’s Syndrome?

A
  1. alcoholism
  2. malnutrition
  3. eating disorders
57
Q

Why is thiamine important?

A

it converts carbohydrates into the glucose that your body utilizes for energy

58
Q

What is the precursor to Korsakoff’s Syndrome?

A

Wernicke’s Encephalopathy

  • poor balance
  • mild confusion
  • abnormal eye movements
  • memory loss
59
Q

What is “confabulation?”

A

making up stories to account for memory gaps

-common in patients with Korsakoff’s Syndrome

60
Q

What is the “semantic network approach?”

A

the idea that concepts are organized in your mind in terms of connected ideas

61
Q

What is “spreading activation?”

A

because all of the ideas in your head are connected together, activating one concept will pull up other concepts along with it

62
Q

What is an example of spreading activation?

A

when someone says fire engine, not only will I think of a fire engine truck, but all of the related concepts like firehose, stations, Dalmatian dogs, the color red

63
Q

What part of the brain is responsible for procedural memory?

A

basal ganglia

64
Q

What is “priming?” Give an example.

A

when a previous experience influences your current thought patterns

example: You spend all day playing with your pet rabbits on your farm. When you go to the salon, the stylist ask what you want done about your “hair,” and your brain immediately thinks to your “hares” at home.

There’s no conscious effort to make the distinction, so your brain goes to the last immediate representation

65
Q

What is “negative priming?”

A

This occurs when your memory retrieval is slowed down because you were instructed to ignore something.

a slow reaction to a stimulus that was previously ignored

66
Q

What is an example of “negative priming?”

A

First, you are told to only look at X’s and ignore all O’s. When you are asked to yell out every time you see an X, your response time will likely be fairly rapid.

However, if next you are told to yell out every time you see an O, your reactions will be slower because you were previously primed to ignore all O’s.

Processing the Environment (9 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions