Memory Flashcards
memory
An active system that receives information from senses converts the info into a sustainable form, organises it , stores it away and retrieves it.
3 memory processes
encoding+ input
storage
retrieving
encoding
set of mental operations that people perform on sensory information to convert that information into a from that is useable in the brain’s storage systems.
storage
retention of encoded information for a period of time
retrieval
getting information out of storage
info processing model
comprehensive and influential
FOCUS: processing of information through 3 memory processes (ESR)
sequential process
Focuses on the way information is processed through different stages of memory
length remembered depends on stage of storage
parallel distribution processing model
focus on simultaneous processing of info across multiple neural networks
memory creation and storage involves series of mental networks stretched across the brain
allows retrieval of different aspects of memory all at once.
levels of processing model
depth of processing associated with specific information/longer retention
duration depends on depth which info is encoded
memory retention
maintenance rehearsal, elaborative rehearsal
sensory memory
the point at which information enters the nervous system through the sensory systems.
iconic
involves the recollection of visual information after a short period of time.
echoic
brief memory of something a person has heard.
short term memory
memory important enough enters conscious (Sensory-STM)
selective attention
the ability to focus on only 1 stimulus from amongst all sensory input.
working memory
an active system that processes the information present in STM
1) central executive
2) visual sketchpad
3) auditory recorder
long term memory
the system into which all info is placed permanently
unlimited capacity
implicit/explicits
emotional associations
amygdala
cerebellum/hindbrain
storage of memories w/ conditioned responses,skills, habits
implicit / non-declaritive
memories for skills emotional associations habits conditional reflexes not easily retrieved into conscious awareness
explicit/ declarative
everything we can know facts and info that make up knowledge
semantic
general knowledge that anyone has the ability to know
episodic
personal knowledge that people have of their life and personal history.
long term memory organisation
semantic: info stored in the brain in a connected fashion w/ related concepts stored close together
encoding specificity
connection between surroundings and encoded information
memory tends to be improved if retrieval and encoding conditions are similar.
context dependant learning
physical surroundings when encoding
state dependant learning
memories formed in particular psychological state.
recall
memories are retrieved w/ few to no cues
struggle= recall failed
Tip of the tongue effect
recognition
looking/hearing info matching to what is already in memory
automatic encoding
tendency of certain kinds of into to enter LTM with little to no effort encoding.
flashbulb memory
highly emotional events can often seem vivid and detailed
emotional reactions release hormones
constructive processing
memories are not accurate with time inaccuracies occur (creating a story) current knowledge interferes creating a new altered memory.
LOFTUS: memories are reconstructed from stored info.
hindsight bias
the tendency of people to falsely believe they would’ve accurately predicted an outcome without having been told about it in advance.
misinformation effect
tendency of misleading information presented after the event to alter the memory.
false memory syndrome
creation of inaccurate or false memories of events that never took place through the suggestion of others.
PLAUSIBLE
INFO THAT BACKS UP EVENT (Loftus)
ebbinghaus/ forgetting curve
forgetting happens quickly within the first hour and then tapers off gradually
encoding failure
the failure to process information into memory
not paying attention - does not get passed sensory memory.
memory trace decay
physical change in the brain perhaps in a neutron or the brain activity between a neutron. occurs when a memory is formed
decay over time
not brought to attention in sensory memory = decay
interference theory
retrieval affected by practice or retroactive interference.
proactive interference
tendency for older/previously learnt material to interfere with learning or retrieval of new information
retroactive interference
newer info interferes with the retrieval of older information
non-declaritive/ procedural (Brain)
cerebellum
STM (brain)
pre-frontal cortex, temporal lobe
Fear (brain)
amygdala
semantic/episodic
frontal/temporal lobe
memory formation
many changes in the number of receptor sites changes in sensitivity of the synapse through repeated stimulation (long term potention) changes in dendrites and protein in neurons.
the hippocampus
formation of LT declarative memory
repression
psychologically motivated forgetting (traumatic events)
reterograde amnesia
hippocampus temporarily disconnected
loss of memory from injury backwards
consolidation process making physical changes to allow new memories is disrupted and loses everything that was not already finished
Anterograde amnesia
loss of memories from the injury forward
senile dementia= severe forgetfulness, mental confusion, mood swings (retero/antero)
cannot store new info
