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Psychology > Memory > Flashcards

Memory Flashcards

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1
Q

memory

A

An active system that receives information from senses converts the info into a sustainable form, organises it , stores it away and retrieves it.

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2
Q

3 memory processes

A

encoding+ input
storage
retrieving

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3
Q

encoding

A

set of mental operations that people perform on sensory information to convert that information into a from that is useable in the brain’s storage systems.

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4
Q

storage

A

retention of encoded information for a period of time

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5
Q

retrieval

A

getting information out of storage

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6
Q

info processing model

A

comprehensive and influential
FOCUS: processing of information through 3 memory processes (ESR)
sequential process
Focuses on the way information is processed through different stages of memory
length remembered depends on stage of storage

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7
Q

parallel distribution processing model

A

focus on simultaneous processing of info across multiple neural networks
memory creation and storage involves series of mental networks stretched across the brain
allows retrieval of different aspects of memory all at once.

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8
Q

levels of processing model

A

depth of processing associated with specific information/longer retention
duration depends on depth which info is encoded

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9
Q

memory retention

A

maintenance rehearsal, elaborative rehearsal

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10
Q

sensory memory

A

the point at which information enters the nervous system through the sensory systems.

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11
Q

iconic

A

involves the recollection of visual information after a short period of time.

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12
Q

echoic

A

brief memory of something a person has heard.

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13
Q

short term memory

A

memory important enough enters conscious (Sensory-STM)

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14
Q

selective attention

A

the ability to focus on only 1 stimulus from amongst all sensory input.

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15
Q

working memory

A

an active system that processes the information present in STM

1) central executive
2) visual sketchpad
3) auditory recorder

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16
Q

long term memory

A

the system into which all info is placed permanently
unlimited capacity
implicit/explicits

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17
Q

emotional associations

A

amygdala

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18
Q

cerebellum/hindbrain

A

storage of memories w/ conditioned responses,skills, habits

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19
Q

implicit / non-declaritive

A 
memories for skills
emotional associations
habits
conditional reflexes
not easily retrieved into conscious awareness
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20
Q

explicit/ declarative

A

everything we can know facts and info that make up knowledge

21
Q

semantic

A

general knowledge that anyone has the ability to know

22
Q

episodic

A

personal knowledge that people have of their life and personal history.

23
Q

long term memory organisation

A

semantic: info stored in the brain in a connected fashion w/ related concepts stored close together

24
Q

encoding specificity

A

connection between surroundings and encoded information

memory tends to be improved if retrieval and encoding conditions are similar.

25
Q

context dependant learning

A

physical surroundings when encoding

26
Q

state dependant learning

A

memories formed in particular psychological state.

27
Q

recall

A

memories are retrieved w/ few to no cues
struggle= recall failed
Tip of the tongue effect

28
Q

recognition

A

looking/hearing info matching to what is already in memory

29
Q

automatic encoding

A

tendency of certain kinds of into to enter LTM with little to no effort encoding.

30
Q

flashbulb memory

A

highly emotional events can often seem vivid and detailed

emotional reactions release hormones

31
Q

constructive processing

A

memories are not accurate with time inaccuracies occur (creating a story) current knowledge interferes creating a new altered memory.
LOFTUS: memories are reconstructed from stored info.

32
Q

hindsight bias

A

the tendency of people to falsely believe they would’ve accurately predicted an outcome without having been told about it in advance.

33
Q

misinformation effect

A

tendency of misleading information presented after the event to alter the memory.

34
Q

false memory syndrome

A

creation of inaccurate or false memories of events that never took place through the suggestion of others.
PLAUSIBLE
INFO THAT BACKS UP EVENT (Loftus)

35
Q

ebbinghaus/ forgetting curve

A

forgetting happens quickly within the first hour and then tapers off gradually

36
Q

encoding failure

A

the failure to process information into memory

not paying attention - does not get passed sensory memory.

37
Q

memory trace decay

A

physical change in the brain perhaps in a neutron or the brain activity between a neutron. occurs when a memory is formed
decay over time
not brought to attention in sensory memory = decay

38
Q

interference theory

A

retrieval affected by practice or retroactive interference.

39
Q

proactive interference

A

tendency for older/previously learnt material to interfere with learning or retrieval of new information

40
Q

retroactive interference

A

newer info interferes with the retrieval of older information

41
Q

non-declaritive/ procedural (Brain)

A

cerebellum

42
Q

STM (brain)

A

pre-frontal cortex, temporal lobe

43
Q

Fear (brain)

A

amygdala

44
Q

semantic/episodic

A

frontal/temporal lobe

45
Q

memory formation

A

many changes in the number of receptor sites changes in sensitivity of the synapse through repeated stimulation (long term potention) changes in dendrites and protein in neurons.

46
Q

the hippocampus

A

formation of LT declarative memory

47
Q

repression

A

psychologically motivated forgetting (traumatic events)

48
Q

reterograde amnesia

A

hippocampus temporarily disconnected
loss of memory from injury backwards
consolidation process making physical changes to allow new memories is disrupted and loses everything that was not already finished

49
Q

Anterograde amnesia

A

loss of memories from the injury forward
senile dementia= severe forgetfulness, mental confusion, mood swings (retero/antero)
cannot store new info

Psychology (5 decks)

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