Memory

Question 1

What are the two models/types of memory?

Answer 1

• Multi-store Model ⟶ Atkinson & Shiffrin (1968)

- Working Memory Model ⟶ Baddeley & Hitch (1974)

Question 2

What are the three stages of memory?

Answer 2

1. Encoding: The form in which the information is stored.
2. Storage: How memories are kept.
3. Retrieval: The recall of memories.

Question 3

What are the key features of the MSM?

Answer 3

• 3 Different types of memory:
  ⟶ Sensory memory (SM), short-term memory (stm) and long-term memory (LTM).
• Each store retains a different amount of information, in a different capacity, in a different way (encoding) and for a different length of time (duration).

Question 4

What are the features of the sensory store?

Answer 4

- Actually five stores
⟶ Iconic - seeing
⟶ Echoic - hearing
⟶ Haptic - touch
⟶ Taste
⟶ Smell

Question 5

What is the duration of iconic memory?

Answer 5

500 milliseconds of half a second ⟶ decreases with age

• Walsh & Thompson (1978)

Question 6

What is the duration of echoic memory?

Clarify with miss

Answer 6

2 seconds??

Treisman (1964)

Question 7

What is the capacity and duration of STM?

Answer 7

Sterling (1960)

• Capacity is large but duration is low - only half a second (to pay attention to transfer to STM)

Question 8

How are things encoded into the STM?

Answer 8

Baddeley (1966)

• Presented lists of 10 short words at a time
• Some lists were acoustically similar, others were semantically similar.
• Participants had to rearrange the list into the correct order.
• Only 10% of acoustically similar words were recalled

⟶ Information is encoded into the STM acoustically but similar sounding words aren’t encoded properly because of the of confusion and therefore can’t be recalled.

Question 9

What is the capacity of the STM?

Answer 9

Jacobs (1887)

• Researcher lists 4 digits if the participant can recall the 4 digits in the correct order then the researcher continues and reads aloud 5 digits and so forth until participants can’t recall the order correctly.

⟶ The mean span for digits was 9.3.
⟶ The mean span for letters was 7.3.

Question 10

How can STM be extended?

Answer 10

Miller (1956)

• Found that capacity can be increased if the information is ‘chunked’
• 5-9 chunks can be held in STM at any one time
• Chunks can be remembered better if you add meaning.

Question 11

What is the duration of STM?

Answer 11

Peterson & Peterson (1959)

• 24 pyschology students
• Read nonsence triamgrams eg; BSI
• Then asked participants to count back down from 3 - preventing rehersal
• Recall tested after retention intervals (3,6,9 ect seconds)
• Correct recalls fade after 3 seconds.

Question 12

What is the capacity of LTM?

Answer 12

Limittless

Question 13

What Bahrick (1975) find in his study?

Answer 13

• 400 participants, whole span of adults agec 17-74 y/o
• Shown sets of photos from their own year book and random year book.
• Participants who went to school within the last 15 years had 90% recall of faces and names.
• Participants who were in school 48 hours ago had 80% recall of names and 70% recall of of faces.

Question 14

What is the duration of LTM?

Answer 14

Anything up to a lifetime.

Question 15

How is information encoded into the LTM?

Answer 15

Sematically & acoustically.

Question 16

What are the 3 types of long term memory?

Answer 16

• Procedural (not concious, implicit)
• Semantic (declaritive)
• Episodic (declaritive)