Memory Flashcards
3 Step Memory Process
- Encoding
- Storage
- Retrieval
Lesions to Hippocampal Formation
Affects Episodic Memory (Events)
Lesions to Parahippocampal Region
Affects Semantic Memory (Facts)
Binocular Rivalry
A phenomenon of visual perception in which perception alternates between different images presented to each eye.
Levels of Processing Model (Craik and Lockhart, 1972)
The levels of processing model (Craik and Lockhart, 1972) focuses on the depth of processing involved in memory, and predicts the deeper information is processed, the longer a memory trace will last.
Simons and Levin (1987)
Change Blindness
- Directions
- Cards
- Change Blindness Blindness
Elizabeth Loftus
- Cars driving = Language of the questions can distort what we think we have seen
- Restaurant = Weapon focus and therefore less likely to identify the rest
Why doesn’t our memory simply record events
- We’d go insane
- We need to plan for the future - therefore we need a system that represents past so that we could identify similar things later
2 Theories of Forgetting
- Trace Decay Theory
2. Interference Theory
Ebbinghaus
Forgetting Curve
Anterograde amnesia
Anterograde amnesia is a loss of the ability to create new memories after the event that caused the amnesia.
Lynch and Yarnell (1973)
Shortly after concussion the memory is intact but few minutes after the players hardly remember anything about what happened. Amnesiacs have good STM
Bjork (1978)
The loss of access to information through disuse is seen not
as a failure of the system, but an adaptive feature that
facilitates updating.
Patient H.M.
- Had temporal lobectomy to treat epilepsy (including hippocampus)
- Severe anterograde amnesia
- Retrograde memory deficit about 10 years
Patient KF (Shallice & Warrington, 1970)
The KF Case Study supports the Working Memory Model. KF suffered brain damage from a motorcycle accident that damaged his short-term memory. KF’s impairment was mainly for verbal information - his memory for visual information was largely unaffected. This shows that there are separate STM components for visual information (VSS) and verbal information (phonological loop).
Studies on memory patients reveal that STM and LTM…
These results provide evidence that STM and LTM are dissociable processes and are served by separate neurological systems: STM depends upon intact corticostriatal systems, whereas LTM depends upon intact medial temporal lobe systems.
What Memory Systems are Impaired in Amnesia?
- STM – spared
- Non-declarative memory – spared
- Episodic memory – definitely impaired
- Semantic memory – typically impaired
Baddeley &
Warrington (1970)
Amnesics have normal digit span
Milner (1971)
HM could remember a number for 15 minutes by continuously repeating, but forgot it within 1 minute of stopping and had no recollection
of attempting it.
Sir Frederick Bartlett’s input
Bartlett’s
central insight was that memory is not like a tape recorder: it doesn’t
faithfully play back our experiences. Instead, it changes or “reconstructs”
them imaginatively.
- War of the ghosts study
Information Deficit Model
A common misconception about myths is the notion that
removing their influence is as simple as packing more
information into people’s heads. This approach assumes that
public misperceptions are due to a lack of knowledge and
that the solution is more information - in science
communication, it’s known as the “information deficit model”.
But that model is wrong: people don’t process information as
simply as a hard drive downloading data
The Deese–Roediger–McDermott (DRM) paradigm
A procedure in cognitive psychology used to study false memory in humans.
The procedure typically involves the oral presentation of a list of related words (e.g. bed, rest, awake, tired, dream, wake, snooze, blanket, doze, slumber, snore, nap, peace, yawn, drowsy) and then requires the subject to remember as many words from the list as possible. Typical results show that subjects recall a related but nonpresented word (e.g. sleep), known as a ‘lure’, with the same frequency as other presented words.
Collective representations
Formal questionnaire, 180 healthy participants (daily commuters or workers at the station). Relevant questions focused on whether they remembered the clock working normally or as set at the explosion time during the last 16 years in which it had been working. 92% stated that the clock has always been broken; 79% claimed they had always seen set at the crucial 10.25 time
Serial Position Effect
In free recall, more items are recalled from start of list (primacy effect) and end of the list (recency effect)
