Memory

Question 1

Define memory

Answer 1

is an active information processing system that receives, store, organises and retrieves information

Question 2

What is the duration and capacity of echoic memory?

Answer 2

duration= 3-4 sec
capacity= unlimited

Question 3

Define echoic memory

Answer 3

the subsystem of sensory memory that receives and stores an unlimited amount of auditory information in the form of an echo

Question 4

Define iconic memory

Answer 4

the subsystem of sensory memory that receives and stores an unlimited amount of visual information in the form of a visual image

Question 5

Define sensory memory

Answer 5

the first stage of the multi-store model of memory; it receives and stores an unlimited amount of sensory information for a few seconds

Question 6

Define short term memory

Answer 6

the second and most active system of the multi-store model of memory. stores a limited amount of information entering from sensory memory or retrieval from Ltm

Question 7

Define encoding

Answer 7

the process that converts information into a useable form that can be stored ad represented in the memory system

Question 8

Define storage

Answer 8

the retention of information in the memory system over time

Question 9

Define retrieval

Answer 9

the process of locating information stored in memory and bringing it into consciousness when needed to complete a cognitive task

Question 10

What is the duration and capacity of short term memory ?

Answer 10

duration= 12-30 sec
capacity= 7 plus or minus 2

Question 11

Define Long term memory

Answer 11

The third memory system in the multi-store model of memory.used for relatively permanent storage of information

Question 12

What is the duration and capacity of long term memory?

Answer 12

duration= unlimited 
capacity= unlimited

Question 13

Define chunking

Answer 13

a method of increasing the capacity of our short term memory by grouping seperate items of information together in chunks

Question 14

Define implicit memory

Answer 14

a long term memory of learnt actions and skills that we store in the long term memory and retrieve unconsciously

Question 15

Define procedural memory

Answer 15

is a type of implicit LTM for learnt actions and skills that can usually only be expressed as actions

Question 16

Define explicit memory

Answer 16

A long term memory of events and factual information that can be retrieved intentionally and consciously. declarative,

Question 17

Define declarative memory

Answer 17

a type of explicit LTM for specific factual information that can be expressed in words. two subsections semantic and episodic

Question 18

Define episodic memory

Answer 18

a type of declarative memory for personally significant events associated with specific times and places

Question 19

Define semantic memory

Answer 19

a type fo declarative memory for impersonal factual knowledge about the world

Question 20

Define maintenance rehearsal

Answer 20

is a rehearsal technique involving the repetition of information a number of times to retain it longer in STM

Question 21

Define rehearsal

Answer 21

the active manipulation of information in the short term memory in order to hold it for longer than the usually 12-30 sec

Question 22

Define elaborative rehearsal

Answer 22

Is a rehearsal technique involving linking new information in some meaningful way with information already stored in the LTM

Question 23

What is the role of the amygdala in LTM storage ?

Answer 23

• encodes implicit emotional memories (fear and anger)
• stores classically conditioned fear response that are involuntary
• contributes to the formation of flash bulb memories
• medial temporal lobe

Question 24

What is the role of the cerebral cortex in LTM storage?

Answer 24

• processing STM declarative memories
• stores LT declarative memories
• makes links to our memories

Question 25

What is the role of the hippocampus in LTM storage?

Answer 25

• limbic system medial temporal lobe
• encodes explicit declarative memories
• spacial information=navigation
• explicit=retrieves who, what where and how

Question 26

What is the role of the cerebellum in LTM storage

Answer 26

• hindbrain
• balance and coordination
• implicit procedural memories
• classically conditioned reflex response

Question 27

Define recall

Answer 27

a measure of retention that involves retrieving stored information using few or no cues

Question 28

Define free recall

Answer 28

recalling information in any order with no cues for assistance

Question 29

Define retrieval cues

Answer 29

any stimuli that assists in memory retrieval

Question 30

What are the three forms of recall?

Answer 30

• free recall, cued recall and cued recall

Question 31

Define serial recall

Answer 31

recalling information from memory in the order or sequence in which it was learnt with no cues for assistance

Question 32

Define context dependant cues

Answer 32

cues which revive around the environment which you are in. A setting in which the information was learnt

Question 33

Define state dependant cues

Answer 33

cues revolving around emotions. internal physiological and or psychological state at the time memory was formed

Question 34

Define recognition

Answer 34

a measure of retention that involves identifying previously learnt information from a list or group of alternatives

Question 35

Define reconstruction

Answer 35

is remembering past events and features of these events and putting them together during memory recall

Question 36

Define relearning

Answer 36

a measure of retention that involves learning information that has previously been learnt and stored in LTM as a means of assessing whether any information was retained from original learning

Question 37

What is the savings method? (relearning)

Answer 37

a formula that calculates the percentage of information retained from the original learning after relearning has occurred

Question 38

What is brain trauma ?

Answer 38

brain trauma involves physical damage to the brain which may impact the ability to form , store or retrieve memories. It can be a result of internal or external factors

Question 39

What are forms of brain trauma?

Answer 39

• brain surgery
• amnesia
• dementia

Question 40

In reference to brain trauma what is the effect of brain surgery?

Answer 40

• risk of memory function being impaired
• usually temporary short term memory loss
• most people recover from this occasionally memory loss can be long lasting

Question 41

In reference to brain trauma what is the effect of amnesia?

Answer 41

• it is the loss of memory, partial or complete

- two types retrograde and anterograde

Question 42

Define anterograde amnesia

Answer 42

partial or complete loss of memories that occur after the injury- hippocampus is commonly damaged

• cannot transfer information from STM-LTM
• can retrieve
• can learn new procedural memories

Question 43

Define dementia

Answer 43

is a general term that describes the symptoms of a variety of brain illnesses that progressively kill brain cells.

Question 44

What is Alzheimer’s disease ?

Answer 44

• mostly occurs in old age
• is gradual severe memory loss, confusion, impaired attention, disordered thinking and depression
• involves both retrograde and anterograde amnesia
• hippocampus and prefrontal lobe damage

Question 45

What are the two known causes of Alzheimers ?

Answer 45

• amyloid plaques

- neurofibrillary tangles

Question 46

Define amyloid plaques

Answer 46

proteins that form clumps of insoluble plaques in and around the neurone inhibiting communication between neurons

Question 47

Define neurofibrillary tangles

Answer 47

these tangles lookalike twisted fibres and inhibit transport of essential substances throughout the neutron. the failure of the transport system is believed to eventually kill neurons