Memory Flashcards
Recollection and familiarity are different than knowing the capital of Pennsylvania, what types of memory are they?
Recollection and familiarity are episodic memory, fact knowledge is semantic memory. Both are forms of declarative (explicit), long term memory
What kind of nondeclaritive (implicit) memories are there?
Priming, skill learning, and conditioning.
The process of establishing a memory is called
encoding
features are remembered (stored) in
the same sensory/motor areas involved in the encoding
the medial temporal lobe serves what function in storage/consolidation
the MTL stores the relationships among events and allows them to be bound together as a single memory
the ___ stores an “index” of the event
hippocampus
retrieval is ….
when an internal or external cue is used to trigger voluntary or involuntary retrieval of the memory. In recent memories the cues act by accessing the index in medial temporal lobe (near hippo) the MTL serves to coordinate information in cortical regions
memories can be recalled without the MTL, they are accessed through
the cortical circuits directly. This is for old or remote memories.
What is the frontal lobe’s job in memory?
semantic/linguistic processes (for encoding/retrieval) by connecting the information with existing knowledge
What is the Parietal lobe’s job in memory?
attention, and directing it appropriately for encoding/retrieval
what is iconic memory?
a short term representation of sensation that lingers briefly; iconic = vision echoic = sound
the MTL comprises
hippocampus, rhinal cortex (Perirhinal / EntoRhinal), parahippocampal cortex
patient RB had similar symptoms to HM (bilateral medial temporal lobectomy) but he only had damage to
CA1 pyramidal neurons
The hippocampus has strong connections to the entorhinal cortex and the MPFC, making it good for
integrating information into a single event
what proof is there for cognitive map theory in the hippocampus
London taxi drivers; place cells exist in rodent models
relational memory is housed in what structure? what is the proof?
the hippocampus. Paired associations of odors and translational properties are shown. if a>b and b>c, then a>c. They show with reward preferences. Lesions in hippo disrupt this.
Patient KC had a lesion in his hippocampus, what were his sympotms?
could recall semantic fact perfectly, but his episodic memory was trash.
Cabeza’s MRI study with related words showed differential activation in the hippocampus and the parahippocampus. What was significant about this?
The parahippocampus only activated for true words, hippo for both (episodic)
perrirhinal and parahippocampal encode what info
PRC - object encoding (shape, color, semantic info) PHC - spatial layout
the word banjo and the word train elicited different neural activity, visual and auditory memory, respectively. What principle does this illustrate?
Sensory regions active during encoding are active during recall
activation of the dorsal attention stream is associated with ___ SME and subsequent ____
positive; remembering
activation of the ventral attention stream is associated with ___ SME and subsequent ____
negative; forgetting
top down (conscious) attention, familiarity and low confidence, memory search/evaluation are all associated with which stream?
dorsal
the ventral stream is associated with…?
bottom up attention (strong memories/cues) recollection and high confidence [environment grabbing your attention]
when encoding, which type of attention would be desirable?
top-down (dorsal) because you will remember it
an alternative theory to successful encoding states that ventral parietal is ___ directed attention
inward. This is bad for encoding but good for retrieval
inward directed attention promotes activities such as
mind wandering and DMN
hippo is only active during correct recall and not when items were correct but only familiar
hippocampus = episodic memory and source info
entorhinal cortex = familiarity
Research using the mismatch field (MMF), which is the magnetic equivalent of the mismatch negativity (MMN), has suggested that auditory sensory memory has a duration of about
10 seconds
George Miller and other investigators found that humans can hold about ________ items in short-term memory at a time.
7 items (plus or minus 2)
A patient visits a neurologist and complains of memory problems like remembering telephone numbers. After a few tests, the neurologist determines that there is a large impairment in the digit span, but no impairment in remembering the past or in forming new memories. Which brain area is the most likely to be impaired?
the left perisylvian cortex (not really important to know but you should know that MTL is for episodic mem)
Implicit memory is to ________ as explicit memory is to ________.
priming ; episodic memory
conditioning ; priming
episodic memory ; semantic memory
procedural learning ; nondeclarative learning
[priming ; episodic memory]
conditioning ; priming
episodic memory ; semantic memory
procedural learning ; nondeclarative learning
Which of the following is NOT an area of cortex in the medial temporal lobe that interacts with the hippocampus in the formation of new long-term memories?
cingulate
entorhinal
parahippocampal
perirhinal
cingulate
Recent neuroimaging and neuropsychological work in memory has attempted to disentangle ________, which seems to implicate the hippocampus and the posterior parahippocampal cortex, from ________, which seems to implicate the perirhinal cortex.
recollection;familiarity
describe recollection and familiarity
familiarity is like episodic memory but fuzzier. You feel like you’ve seen it before (you’re familiar with it). recollection is much more explicit (though they both are explicit) someone could ask you what did you have for breakfast and you could say bacon and eggs!
Under the standard consolidation theory, the involvement of the hippocampus in accessing memories is best described as___
temporary. (remember, it’s like an index for recent memories. Remote memories are often accessed via cues which bring them out of the cortex they’re stored in)
Under the multiple trace theory, the neocortex is to semantic memory as the hippocampus is to___
episodic memory
