Memory

Question 1

Recollection and familiarity are different than knowing the capital of Pennsylvania, what types of memory are they?

Answer 1

Recollection and familiarity are episodic memory, fact knowledge is semantic memory. Both are forms of declarative (explicit), long term memory

Question 2

What kind of nondeclaritive (implicit) memories are there?

Answer 2

Priming, skill learning, and conditioning.

Question 3

The process of establishing a memory is called

Answer 3

encoding

Question 4

features are remembered (stored) in

Answer 4

the same sensory/motor areas involved in the encoding

Question 5

the medial temporal lobe serves what function in storage/consolidation

Answer 5

the MTL stores the relationships among events and allows them to be bound together as a single memory

Question 6

the ___ stores an “index” of the event

Answer 6

hippocampus

Question 7

retrieval is ….

Answer 7

when an internal or external cue is used to trigger voluntary or involuntary retrieval of the memory. In recent memories the cues act by accessing the index in medial temporal lobe (near hippo) the MTL serves to coordinate information in cortical regions

Question 8

memories can be recalled without the MTL, they are accessed through

Answer 8

the cortical circuits directly. This is for old or remote memories.

Question 9

What is the frontal lobe’s job in memory?

Answer 9

semantic/linguistic processes (for encoding/retrieval) by connecting the information with existing knowledge

Question 10

What is the Parietal lobe’s job in memory?

Answer 10

attention, and directing it appropriately for encoding/retrieval

Question 11

what is iconic memory?

Answer 11

a short term representation of sensation that lingers briefly; iconic = vision echoic = sound

Question 12

the MTL comprises

Answer 12

hippocampus, rhinal cortex (Perirhinal / EntoRhinal), parahippocampal cortex

Question 13

patient RB had similar symptoms to HM (bilateral medial temporal lobectomy) but he only had damage to

Answer 13

CA1 pyramidal neurons

Question 14

The hippocampus has strong connections to the entorhinal cortex and the MPFC, making it good for

Answer 14

integrating information into a single event

Question 15

what proof is there for cognitive map theory in the hippocampus

Answer 15

London taxi drivers; place cells exist in rodent models

Question 16

relational memory is housed in what structure? what is the proof?

Answer 16

the hippocampus. Paired associations of odors and translational properties are shown. if a>b and b>c, then a>c. They show with reward preferences. Lesions in hippo disrupt this.

Question 17

Patient KC had a lesion in his hippocampus, what were his sympotms?

Answer 17

could recall semantic fact perfectly, but his episodic memory was trash.

Question 18

Cabeza’s MRI study with related words showed differential activation in the hippocampus and the parahippocampus. What was significant about this?

Answer 18

The parahippocampus only activated for true words, hippo for both (episodic)

Question 19

perrirhinal and parahippocampal encode what info

Answer 19

PRC - object encoding (shape, color, semantic info) PHC - spatial layout

Question 20

the word banjo and the word train elicited different neural activity, visual and auditory memory, respectively. What principle does this illustrate?

Answer 20

Sensory regions active during encoding are active during recall

Question 21

activation of the dorsal attention stream is associated with ___ SME and subsequent ____

Answer 21

positive; remembering

Question 22

activation of the ventral attention stream is associated with ___ SME and subsequent ____

Answer 22

negative; forgetting

Question 23

top down (conscious) attention, familiarity and low confidence, memory search/evaluation are all associated with which stream?

Answer 23

dorsal

Question 24

the ventral stream is associated with…?

Answer 24

bottom up attention (strong memories/cues) recollection and high confidence [environment grabbing your attention]

Question 25

when encoding, which type of attention would be desirable?

Answer 25

top-down (dorsal) because you will remember it

Question 26

an alternative theory to successful encoding states that ventral parietal is ___ directed attention

Answer 26

inward. This is bad for encoding but good for retrieval

Question 27

inward directed attention promotes activities such as

Answer 27

mind wandering and DMN

Question 28

hippo is only active during correct recall and not when items were correct but only familiar

Answer 28

hippocampus = episodic memory and source info

entorhinal cortex = familiarity

Question 29

Research using the mismatch field (MMF), which is the magnetic equivalent of the mismatch negativity (MMN), has suggested that auditory sensory memory has a duration of about

Answer 29

10 seconds

Question 30

George Miller and other investigators found that humans can hold about ________ items in short-term memory at a time.

Answer 30

7 items (plus or minus 2)

Question 31

A patient visits a neurologist and complains of memory problems like remembering telephone numbers. After a few tests, the neurologist determines that there is a large impairment in the digit span, but no impairment in remembering the past or in forming new memories. Which brain area is the most likely to be impaired?

Answer 31

the left perisylvian cortex (not really important to know but you should know that MTL is for episodic mem)

Question 32

Implicit memory is to ________ as explicit memory is to ________.

priming ; episodic memory
conditioning ; priming
episodic memory ; semantic memory
procedural learning ; nondeclarative learning

Answer 32

[priming ; episodic memory]
conditioning ; priming
episodic memory ; semantic memory
procedural learning ; nondeclarative learning

Question 33

Which of the following is NOT an area of cortex in the medial temporal lobe that interacts with the hippocampus in the formation of new long-term memories?

cingulate
entorhinal
parahippocampal
perirhinal

Answer 33

cingulate

Question 34

Recent neuroimaging and neuropsychological work in memory has attempted to disentangle ________, which seems to implicate the hippocampus and the posterior parahippocampal cortex, from ________, which seems to implicate the perirhinal cortex.

Answer 34

recollection;familiarity

Question 35

describe recollection and familiarity

Answer 35

familiarity is like episodic memory but fuzzier. You feel like you’ve seen it before (you’re familiar with it). recollection is much more explicit (though they both are explicit) someone could ask you what did you have for breakfast and you could say bacon and eggs!

Question 36

Under the standard consolidation theory, the involvement of the hippocampus in accessing memories is best described as___

Answer 36

temporary. (remember, it’s like an index for recent memories. Remote memories are often accessed via cues which bring them out of the cortex they’re stored in)

Question 37

Under the multiple trace theory, the neocortex is to semantic memory as the hippocampus is to___

Answer 37

episodic memory