Memory

Question 1

basic model of declarative memory- encoding

Answer 1

features are remembered in same sensory/motor areas involved in encoding those features

hippocampus stores ‘index’ of event

Question 2

basic model of declarative memory- storage

Answer 2

memories are strengthened and consolidated during a storage phase

if they’re not strengthened, they’re forgotten

Question 3

basic model of declarative memory- retrieval

Answer 3

internal/external cue used to trigger retrieval of memory

temporal lobe serves to coordinate info in cortical regions

memories can be retrieved w/o access to medial temporal lobe

Question 4

frontal lobe & declarative memory

Answer 4

plays a role in semantic/linguistic processing that is important for encoding and retrieval

e.g. connecting info w existing knowledge, and guide search

also plays role in working memory

Question 5

parietal lobe & declarative memory

Answer 5

important for attention processes

direction attn appropriately for the encoding and retrieval of memories

Question 6

short term / iconic & echoic memory

Answer 6

i.e. short term visual & sound memory

duration can be determined by looking @ event related fields in MEG –> find that a deviant tone is no longer distinguished after 10 sec –> can retain high amt of info for a brief time

Question 7

medial temporal lobe anatomy

Answer 7

hippocampus, parahippocampal cortex, perirhinal and entorhinal cortices

Question 8

medial temporal lobe connectivity

Answer 8

various areas of cortex –> perirhinal & parahippocamopal cortices –> entorhinal cortex –> hippocampus

hippocampus well positioned to integrate info from multiple cortical regions into a single memory or event

Question 9

cognitive map theory

Answer 9

hippocampus plays a role in memory for the spatial relationship among items (taxi drivers’ hippocampi)

Question 10

relational memory theory

Answer 10

hippocampus plays a role in memory for new associations, not just spatial ones (tested using odor associations in rats)

lesions to hippocampus disrupt the ability to learn this associative relationship across pairs

Question 11

episodic memory theory

Answer 11

hippocampus plays a role in episodic memory rather than semantic memory

(patient KC that had lesions to hc had impaired episodic memory for events, but spared semantic memory)

hippocampus activates only for recognition

Question 12

role of MTL in encoding and retrieval of episodic memory- Ranganath

Answer 12

studied 360 items presented in diff colors during fMRI scanning –> memory for items tested outside of scanner

hippocampus & parahippocampus more active when source info later remembered

Question 13

role of MTL in encoding and retrieval of episodic memory- Eldridge

Answer 13

measured activity in hc during memory recall –> hippocampus activity only for ‘recollected’ items, not when items were correct, but only familiar

• suggests a role for hc in episodic recollection

Question 14

role of MTL in encoding and retrieval of episodic memory- familiary based encoding

Answer 14

BOLD measure of familiarity based recognition found activity in entorhinal cortex, NOT in hc

*suggests dissociation bet hc and entorhinal cortex

Question 15

role of MTL in encoding and retrieval of episodic memory- false memory

Answer 15

Cabeza had participants listen to related words , performed old/new recognition using new & false words –> hc did not distinguish bet true and false words

parahippocampal gyrus active only for true words

hippocampus active in response to context & relationships of the words, like episodic memory

Question 16

item in context model

Answer 16

perirhinal cortex involved in memory for objects (input from ventral pathway)

parahippocampal cortex encodes info relevant to spatial relationships (input from dorsal pathway)

hippocampus encodes item (object) in its context (relationships)

*explains why perirhinal is related to familiarity and hc to recollection

Question 17

sensory/functional theory

Answer 17

knowledge is remembered in the same sensory/motors regions as encoding for that knowledge

retrieving memories activates regions of the brain associated w processing of the specific feature being recalled

e.g. action words –> motor areas, and sound words –. auditory areas

banjo/train study
*suggests distributed storage of memory

Question 18

posterior parietal cortex (PPC) in retrieval

Answer 18

dorsal parietal cortex –> familiarity, low-confidence, more active when items are subsequently remembered

ventral parietal cortex –> recollection & high confidence recognition, more active when items are subsequently forgotten, associated w failed memory during encoding, and successful recollection during retrieval

• ventral = inward direction of attn, outward = distraction –> forgetting. effective during retrieval
• dorsal = outward direction of attn. inward = distraction. effective during encoding