Memory Flashcards

Question

How to things get forgotten from the STM

Answer 1

Retrieval and use of the memory or loss and forgetting

Answer 2

The LTM passes information back to the STM if it is worth rehearsing and should be paid attention to

Answer 3

The attentional process that monitors incoming data and makes decisions on how to allocate slave system tasks

Answer 4

very limited

Answer 5

All types of coding

Answer 6

One of the slave systems, deals with auditory informs and preserves the order in which the information arrives

Answer 7

The second slave system, stores visual and/or spatial information when required

Answer 8

3-4 objects

Answer 9

Third slave system, temporary store for information

Answer 10

3-4 chunks

Answer 11

Visual, spatial and verbal

Answer 12

The ability of people to remember the details of events, such as accidents and crimes, which they themselves have observed. Accuracy of EWT can be affected by factors such as misleading information, leading questions and anxiety

Answer 13

Incorrect information given to the eyewitness usually after the event. It can take many forms e.g. Leading question and post event discussion

Answer 14

A question which, because of the way it's phrased, suggests a certain answer

Answer 15

PED occurs when there is more than one witness to an event. Witnesses may discuss what they have seen with co-witnesses or with other people. This can influence the accuracy of each witnesses recall of the event.

Answer 16

Had Ps watch video about a car crash Gave Ps questions about video "how fast were the cars going when they hit each other?" The verb hit implies that the car was going fast They used different verbs in each study (hit, contacted, bumped, collided or smashed)

Answer 17

The response bias explanation suggests that the wording of the question has no real effect on the Ps memories but influences of how they decide to answer. When a verb like smashed is used it encourages the Ps to choose a higher speed estimate

Answer 18

-Witness is first asked to recall all they can about event without interruption -Told to include every detail (even if they seem irrelevant) -

Answer 19

A low level of anxiety will cause cognitive performance to be at a relatively low level, then as anxiety rises it reaches an optimum level (anxiety in between low and high and cognitive performance at its highest) then as anxiety increases, there is a rapid drop in cognitive performance. This is shown through the INVERTED-U EXPLANATION

Answer 20

Victims of stressful incidents, such as being a victim or witness to a crime, will lead to victims having relatively inaccurate memories of the incident.

Answer 21

Ps are separated into 2 groups Group 1 overhear calm conversation about non working equipment (person talking is holding a pen) Group 2 overhear panicked conversation about non working equipment (person talking is holding a knife) Ps then have to recall the person talking from 50 people

Answer 22

The study had low ecological validity (due to the fact it is a lab experiment)

Answer 23

The weapon effect | The anxiety of seeing a weapon focuses all your attention on the weapon meaning you won't be able to recall much else

Answer 24

49% recalled when they saw the calm man with the pen | 33% recalled when the saw the panicked man with the knife (due to the weapon effect)

Answer 25

It was a very controlled study meaning there was no chance for post event discussion

Answer 26

This study does not protect Ps from harm as those who heard the panicked man with the knife would have undergone stress and anxiety making them very uncomfortable

Answer 27

Used a real life shooting A shop owner shot a thief 13 witnesses took part Held interviews 4-5 months after shooting & compared results to police interviews

Answer 28

There is a high ecological validity in this study due to the fact that it was a real event that took place

Answer 29

Their accounts were very accurate and there was little change in accuracy after 5 months Those with higher stress levels were more inaccurate (88% compared to 75%)

Answer 30

There was a lack of control in this experiment (in the 4-5 month period between the shooting and study there could have been post event discussion)

Answer 31

Creating anxiety in a study as it does not protect the ps from harm and could cause further psychological damage

Answer 32

Interviewed people who had been affected by the destruction caused by hurricane Andrew USA 1992 Defined anxiety in terms of how much damage was done to each participants house

Answer 33

There is a high ecological validity due to the fact that this was a real event

Answer 34

There was a link found between level of recall & amount of damage/anxiety

Answer 35

Many studies on the link between recall and anxiety before this one were lab studies with a low ecological validity, but this study was an observational study on a real event, meaning it has a high ecological validity.

Answer 36

The inverted-u explanation is often thought to be too simplistic, as it only links anxiety to cognitive function when there are other factors affecting it

Answer 37

Ps had to describe a person they encountered in the Labyrinth (in London dungeon)

Answer 38

High ecological validity due to the fact it is a field experiment

Answer 39

17% of high anxiety Ps correctly identified the actor | 75% of low anxiety Ps correctly identified the actor

Answer 40

Creating anxiety in Ps is risky as this can cause psychological harm (Protection from harm)