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A-Level Psychology > Memory > Flashcards

Memory Flashcards

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1
Q

What is meant by ‘coding’?

A
  • It is the format in which memory is stored.

- process of converting on piece of information to another.

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2
Q

What is the definition of ‘capacity’?

A
  • The amount of information that can be held in the memory store.
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3
Q

What is the definition of ‘duration’?

A
  • length of time that memory is stored.
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4
Q

What are the features of short term memory?

A
  • very limited capacity
  • coded acoustically
  • duration is roughly 30 seconds
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5
Q

What is meant by ‘maintenance rehearsal’?

A
  • Rehearsing of memories.

- Converts STM information into LTM information.

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6
Q

What are the features of long term memory?

A
  • permanent memory store (rehearsed information over long periods of time)
  • unlimited capacity (lasts for a lifetime)
  • coded semantically
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7
Q

What are the 3 types of LTM?

A
  • Semantic
  • Procedural
  • Episodic
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8
Q

What is episodic memory?

A
  • ability to recall events which are linked to a diary
  • places, people, behaviour all intertwine to create a memory.
  • requires conscious effort to search for a memory.
  • memories are ‘time-stamped’.
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9
Q

What is semantic memory?

A
  • knowledge of the world, including facts at broadest level.
  • often linked to encyclopedia
  • not ‘time-stamped’
  • not personal memories
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10
Q

What is procedural memory?

A
  • memory for actions and skills or how we do things.
  • no conscious effort needed
  • skills are explained with difficulty
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11
Q

What are the compartments in the Working Memory Model?

A
  • Central executive
  • Phonological loop
  • Visuo-spatial sketchpad
  • Episodic buffer
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12
Q

What are the compartments in the Multi-Store Model of Memory?

A
  • Sensory register

- Rehearsal loop

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13
Q

What does the sensory register do in MSM?

A
  • stimuli from environment is passed into it.
  • contains several stores for the five senses.
  • two types (iconic and echoic)
  • duration is half a second
  • high capacity
  • passes info into other stores through attention
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14
Q

What is the central executive in WMM?

A
  • Attentional process that monitors incoming data and makes decisions
  • very limited storage capacity
  • ‘the boss’ of the model
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15
Q

What is the phonological loop in WMM?

A
  • stores/retrieves information about long sounds from LTM.
  • allows vocab development in children and foreign language in adults
  • divided into articulatory control and phonological store
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16
Q

What is the Visuo-Spatial Sketchpad in WMM?

A
  • stores visual and spatial information.
  • capacity of around 3 to 4 objects (Baddeley 2003)
  • subdivided into visual cache and inner scribe (Logie 2005)
17
Q

What is the Episodic Buffer in WMM?

A
  • added by Baddeley in 2000
  • temporary store that integrates visual, spatial and verbal information processed by other stores.
  • limited capacity and divided into 4 chunks (Baddeley 2012)
18
Q

What is the definition of ‘interference’?

A
  • one memory blocking another

- one or both memories could become forgotten

19
Q

What is the definition of ‘proactive interference’?

A
  • where older memories disrupt the recall of newer memories.
20
Q

What is the definition of ‘retroactive interference’?

A
  • where newer memories disrupt the recall of older memories.
21
Q

What is the definition of ‘retrieval failure’?

A
  • where we don’t have the necessary cues to access memory.

- a suitable cue is required to access it.

22
Q

What is meant by ‘Encoding Specificity Principle (ESP)’?

A
  • Cue must be presented at encoding and retrieval

- cue used many mnemonic techniques (Tulving 1983)

23
Q

What is meant by ‘Eyewitness Testimony (EWT)’?

A
  • ability to remember details of events due to observing the event taking place.
24
Q

What is meant by ‘Misleading Information’?

A
  • incorrect information given to eyewitness usually after the event
  • such as leading questions and post event discussions.
25
Q

What is meant by a ‘Leading Question’?

A
  • questions that suggest a certain answer due to how its phrased.
26
Q

What is meant by ‘Post Event Discussion’?

A
  • occurs when there’s more than one witness to the event

- discuss what each other have seen, may improve accuracy

27
Q

What is the definition of ‘Anxiety’?

A
  • state of emotional and physical arousal
  • normal reaction to stressful situations.
  • may negatively affect recall of events in EWT
28
Q

What is a ‘Cognitive Interview’?

A
  • method used to help eyewitnesses retrieve accurate memories.
29
Q

What are the 4 steps in a cognitive interview?

A
  1. Report everything
  2. Reinstate the context
  3. Reverse the order
  4. Change the resepctive

A-Level Psychology (11 decks)

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