Memory

Question 1

Memory

Answer 1

is an active system that receives information from the senses, puts that information into a usable form, and organizes it as it stores it away, and then retrieves the information from storage.

Question 2

Encoding

Answer 2

is the set of metal operations that people perform on sensory information to convert that information into a form that is usable in the brain’s storage systems.

Question 3

Storage

Answer 3

is holding onto information for some period of time.

Question 4

Retrieval

Answer 4

is getting information that is in storage into a form that can be used.

Question 5

Information Processing Model

Answer 5

is a model of memory that assumes the processing of information for memory storage is similar to the way a computer processes memory in a series of three stages.

Question 6

Parallel Distributed Processing Model

Answer 6

is a model of memory in which memory processes are proposed to take place at the same time over a large network of neural connections.

Question 7

Levels of Processing Model

Answer 7

is a model of memory that assumes the information that is more deeply processed will be remembered more efficiently and for a longer period of time.

Question 8

Sensory Memory

Answer 8

is the very first stage of memory where raw information from the senses is held for a very fleeting period of time.

Question 9

Iconic Memory

Answer 9

is a visual sensory memory lasting only a fraction of a second.

Question 10

Eidetic Imagery

Answer 10

is the ability to access a visual memory for thirty seconds or more.

Question 11

Echoic Memory

Answer 11

is an auditory sensory memory lasting only two to four seconds.

Question 12

Short Term Memory

Answer 12

the memory system in which information is held for fleeting periods of time while being used.

Question 13

Selective Attention

Answer 13

the ability to focus on only one stimulus from among all sensory input.

Question 14

Working Memory

Answer 14

is an active system that processes the information in short term memory.

Question 15

Maintenance Rehearsal

Answer 15

is the practice of saying some information to be remembered over and over in one’s head in order to maintain it in short term memory.

Question 16

Long Term Memory

Answer 16

the system of memory into which all the information is placed to be kept more or less permanently.

Question 17

Elaborative Rehearsal

Answer 17

a method of transferring information from short term memory into long term information by making that information meaningful in some way.

Question 18

Implicit Memory

Answer 18

is a type of long term memory including memory for skills, procedures, habits, and conditioned responses. These memories are not conscious but are implied to exist because they affect conscious behavior.

Question 19

Anterograde Amnesia

Answer 19

is loss of memory from the point of injury or trauma forward or the inability to form new long term memories.

Question 20

Explicit Memory

Answer 20

is a type of long term memory containing information that is conscious and known.

Question 21

Semantic Memory

Answer 21

is a type of declarative memory containing general knowledge, such as knowledge of language and information learned in formal education.

Question 22

Episodic Memory

Answer 22

is a type of declarative memory containing personal information not readily available to others such as daily activities and events.

Question 23

Semantic Network Model

Answer 23

is a model of memory organization that assumes information is stored in the brain in a connected fashion, with concepts that are related stored physically closer to each other than concepts that are not highly related.

Question 24

Encoding Specificity

Answer 24

the tendency for memory of information to be improved if related information that is available when the memory is first formed is also available when the memory is being retrieved.

Question 25

Recall

Answer 25

is a type of memory retrieval in which the information to be retrieved must be pulled from memory with very few external cues.

Question 26

Recognition

Answer 26

the ability to match a piece of information or a stimulus to a stored image or fact.

Question 27

Serial Position Effect

Answer 27

the tendency of information at the beginning and end of a body of information to be remembered more accurately than information in the middle of the body of information.

Question 28

Primacy Effect

Answer 28

the tendency to remember information at the beginning of a body of information better than the information that follows.

Question 29

Recency Effect

Answer 29

the tendency to remember information at the end of a body of information better than the information that precedes it.

Question 30

Automatic Encoding

Answer 30

the tendency of certain kinds of information to enter long term memory with little or no effort in encoding.

Question 31

Flashbulb Memories

Answer 31

is a type of automatic encoding that occurs because an unexpected event has strong emotional associations for the person remembering it.

Question 32

Constructive Processing

Answer 32

is referring to the retrieval of memories in which those memories are altered, revised, or influences by newer information.

Question 33

Hindsight Bias

Answer 33

the tendency to falsely believe, through revision of older memories to include newer information, that one could have correctly predicted the outcome of an event.

Question 34

Misinformation Bias

Answer 34

the tendency of misleading information presented after an event to alter the memories of the event itself.

Question 35

Curve of Forgetting

Answer 35

a graph showing a distinct pattern in which forgetting is very fast within the first hour after learning a list and then tapers off gradually.

Question 36

Distributed Practice

Answer 36

is spacing the study of material to be remembered by including breaks between study periods.

Question 37

Encoding Failure

Answer 37

is the failure to process information into memory.

Question 38

Memory Trace

Answer 38

is a physical change in the brain that occurs when a memory is formed.

Question 39

Decay

Answer 39

is the loss of memory due to the passage of time, during which the memory trace is not used.

Question 40

Disuse

Answer 40

is another name for decay, assuming that memories that are not used will eventually decay and disappear.

Question 41

Proactive Interference

Answer 41

is a memory problem that occurs when older information prevents or interferes with the learning or retrieval of newer information.

Question 42

Retroactive Interference

Answer 42

is a memory problem that occurs when newer information prevents or interferes with the retrieval of older information.

Question 43

Consolidation

Answer 43

the changes that take place in the structure and functioning of neurons when a memory is formed.

Question 44

Retrograde Amnesia

Answer 44

is a loss of memory from the point of some injury or trauma backwards, or loss of memory for the past.

Question 45

Infantile Amnesia

Answer 45

the inability to retrieve memories from much before the age of three.

Question 46

Autobiographical Memory

Answer 46

the memory for events and facts related to one’s personal life story.