Memory Flashcards
Memory
is an active system that receives information from the senses, puts that information into a usable form, and organizes it as it stores it away, and then retrieves the information from storage.
Encoding
is the set of metal operations that people perform on sensory information to convert that information into a form that is usable in the brain’s storage systems.
Storage
is holding onto information for some period of time.
Retrieval
is getting information that is in storage into a form that can be used.
Information Processing Model
is a model of memory that assumes the processing of information for memory storage is similar to the way a computer processes memory in a series of three stages.
Parallel Distributed Processing Model
is a model of memory in which memory processes are proposed to take place at the same time over a large network of neural connections.
Levels of Processing Model
is a model of memory that assumes the information that is more deeply processed will be remembered more efficiently and for a longer period of time.
Sensory Memory
is the very first stage of memory where raw information from the senses is held for a very fleeting period of time.
Iconic Memory
is a visual sensory memory lasting only a fraction of a second.
Eidetic Imagery
is the ability to access a visual memory for thirty seconds or more.
Echoic Memory
is an auditory sensory memory lasting only two to four seconds.
Short Term Memory
the memory system in which information is held for fleeting periods of time while being used.
Selective Attention
the ability to focus on only one stimulus from among all sensory input.
Working Memory
is an active system that processes the information in short term memory.
Maintenance Rehearsal
is the practice of saying some information to be remembered over and over in one’s head in order to maintain it in short term memory.
Long Term Memory
the system of memory into which all the information is placed to be kept more or less permanently.
Elaborative Rehearsal
a method of transferring information from short term memory into long term information by making that information meaningful in some way.
Implicit Memory
is a type of long term memory including memory for skills, procedures, habits, and conditioned responses. These memories are not conscious but are implied to exist because they affect conscious behavior.
Anterograde Amnesia
is loss of memory from the point of injury or trauma forward or the inability to form new long term memories.
Explicit Memory
is a type of long term memory containing information that is conscious and known.
Semantic Memory
is a type of declarative memory containing general knowledge, such as knowledge of language and information learned in formal education.
Episodic Memory
is a type of declarative memory containing personal information not readily available to others such as daily activities and events.
Semantic Network Model
is a model of memory organization that assumes information is stored in the brain in a connected fashion, with concepts that are related stored physically closer to each other than concepts that are not highly related.
Encoding Specificity
the tendency for memory of information to be improved if related information that is available when the memory is first formed is also available when the memory is being retrieved.
Recall
is a type of memory retrieval in which the information to be retrieved must be pulled from memory with very few external cues.
Recognition
the ability to match a piece of information or a stimulus to a stored image or fact.
Serial Position Effect
the tendency of information at the beginning and end of a body of information to be remembered more accurately than information in the middle of the body of information.
Primacy Effect
the tendency to remember information at the beginning of a body of information better than the information that follows.
Recency Effect
the tendency to remember information at the end of a body of information better than the information that precedes it.
Automatic Encoding
the tendency of certain kinds of information to enter long term memory with little or no effort in encoding.
Flashbulb Memories
is a type of automatic encoding that occurs because an unexpected event has strong emotional associations for the person remembering it.
Constructive Processing
is referring to the retrieval of memories in which those memories are altered, revised, or influences by newer information.
Hindsight Bias
the tendency to falsely believe, through revision of older memories to include newer information, that one could have correctly predicted the outcome of an event.
Misinformation Bias
the tendency of misleading information presented after an event to alter the memories of the event itself.
Curve of Forgetting
a graph showing a distinct pattern in which forgetting is very fast within the first hour after learning a list and then tapers off gradually.
Distributed Practice
is spacing the study of material to be remembered by including breaks between study periods.
Encoding Failure
is the failure to process information into memory.
Memory Trace
is a physical change in the brain that occurs when a memory is formed.
Decay
is the loss of memory due to the passage of time, during which the memory trace is not used.
Disuse
is another name for decay, assuming that memories that are not used will eventually decay and disappear.
Proactive Interference
is a memory problem that occurs when older information prevents or interferes with the learning or retrieval of newer information.
Retroactive Interference
is a memory problem that occurs when newer information prevents or interferes with the retrieval of older information.
Consolidation
the changes that take place in the structure and functioning of neurons when a memory is formed.
Retrograde Amnesia
is a loss of memory from the point of some injury or trauma backwards, or loss of memory for the past.
Infantile Amnesia
the inability to retrieve memories from much before the age of three.
Autobiographical Memory
the memory for events and facts related to one’s personal life story.
