Memory Flashcards
What are the cognitive processes involved in memory?
- Encoding
- Storage
- Retrieval
The type of memory with the shortest duration is called ____ memory.
Sensory
According to Baddeley, the capacity of the phonological loop is determined by how much information an individual can rehearse in _____
2 seconds
According to the ‘resource sharing model’ of Daneman and Carpenter….
- Poor readers show poorer working memory performance on the reading span task than good readers
- If a person is a good reader, reading sentences for their truthfulness uses up very few cognitive resources
- The reading span task measures how flexibly we can allocate mental resources to the processing and storage of material
The primacy effect occurs because the words presented earlier in a list of words _____
Have more opportunity to be rehearsed than words later on in the list
The suggestion that implicit memory and procedural memory are synonymous has been questioned on the basis of what?
Procedural memory implies conscious effort, implicit memory assumes no conscious effort
The outcome of the Graf and Mandler study showed that…
Explicit memory, but not implicit memory, is affected by shallow and deep processing of information
People in Godden and Baddeley’s study who learned lists of words underwater….
Recalled the words better underwater
What are examples of the strong positive effects of odour on behaviour?
- An increase in charitable behaviour
- Enhanced recall of verbal material when odour is presented at encoding and retrieval
- Increased genital arousal in women exposed to male cologne during a specific stage of the menstrual cycle
- Create more favourable impressions of casually dressed female job candidate, but less favourable of formally dressed ones
- Generate more emotional memories than words/sights
- Facilitate anagram formation
- Increase brain electrical activity associated with relaxation or lack of attention
- Reduce anxiety in women waiting for dental surgery
One of the stories used in the study by Bartlett (1932) is called…
The War of the Ghosts
You are experiencing a great deal of difficulty learning your new telephone number. The number that you keep remembering is your old one. Your recall for your new number is impaired by ____
Proactive interference
Following the case of Daubert vs Merrell Dow Pharmaceuticals Inc (1993), a new ruling in the US stated that ______ would be responsible for determining the relevance, validity and reliability of scientific evidence in court.
Judges
The removal of part of H.M;s temporal lobe seems to have interfered with his _____ memory but not with his _____ memory
Explicit; implicit
How long does echoic memory hold information for?
4 seconds
Explain the recency effect
The words at the end of the list are still available in short-term memory
What is consolidation?
The transfer of short-term memories into long-term memories
What is episodic memory?
Autobiographical memory which provides information of our life experiences
What is semantic memory?
Conceptual information such as general knowledge
Which brain areas may be involved in semantic memory?
- Left prefrontal cortex (retrieval of words in response to a cue)
- Temporal lobe (object naming and characteristics of objects)
- Left prefrontal, parietal and posterior temporal cortex (processing of semantic information)
What is explicit memory?
Memory of information we were aware of learning
What is implicit memory?
Memory which is incidentally or unintentionally learned, and does not rely on recognition or recall of any specific learning episode
In the case of Frye vs the US (1923) the court ruled that scientific evidence was admissible only if ______
It was accepted by the relevant scientific community
An early study by Jenkins and Dallenbach (1924) showed that people are less likely to remember information after an interval of _____ than and interval of ______
Wakefulness; sleep
What is retroactive interference?
New information interfering with information previously learned (cannot remember your old phone number)
What is proactive interference?
Our ability to recall new information is impaired by information we have learned previously
What is anterograde amnesia?
The inability to form new memories
What is retrograde amnesia?
The impairment of retrieving memories from before the brain injury
Why do few people remember events from infancy?
The hippocampus is too immature
If encoding is intentional or incidental, it is associated with the ______
Left frontal cortex
Simple retrieval of information is also associated with ______
Left frontal lobe activation
Iconic memory is to _____ as echoic memory is to _____
Seeing; hearing
One of the key features of Sperling’s study was that….
Participants were told which letters to report by the presentation of a high, middle or low tone
_____ memory stores representations of the physical features of a stimulus for a very brief time
Sensory
