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PSY101 > Individual Differences > Flashcards

Individual Differences Flashcards

1
Q

What is a hypothesis?

A

An idea that a scientist wishes to test through scientific research

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2
Q

What is a theory?

A

A set of statements designed to explain a set of phenomena

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3
Q

What is a repeated measures design?

A

The same participants take part in each condition of the independent variable

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4
Q

What is an independent groups design?

A

Different individuals take part in each condition (control and experimental groups)

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5
Q

Advantages of repeated measures design

A
  • Less variance so easier to obtain significant results
  • Each participant acts as their own control as they partake in each condition
  • Less variability in the data (age, sex, personality etc.)
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6
Q

Advantages of independent groups design

A
  • Participants aren’t affected by order effects
  • Demand characteristics are less likely as there are less clues about what the experiment is about
  • Useful for medicine
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7
Q

What is an independent variable?

A

The variable we manipulate

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8
Q

What is the dependent variable?

A

The variable we measure

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9
Q

What is the nominal fallacy?

A

The belief that one has explained an event simply by naming it

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10
Q

What is the operational definition?

A

The translation of generalities into specific operations

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11
Q

What is validity?

A

Validity refers to the appropriateness of a variable - the ability of a test to measure what it is supposed to measure

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12
Q

What is ecological validity?

A

The extent to which the findings of a study are able to be generalised to the real world

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13
Q

The Barnum Effect

A

Most people believe that vague personality descriptions accurately reflect their own personality

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14
Q

Who is the Barnum Effect named after?

A

Phineas T Barnum - a circus showman

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15
Q

Who coined the name Barnum Effect?

A

Meehl (1956)

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16
Q

Furnham and Schofield

A
  • 1987
  • The Barnum effect is clearly seen when individuals accept that ‘generalised, vague bogus descriptions of themselves which have high base-rate occurrence in the general population’
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17
Q

Merrens and Richards

A
  • 1970

- People have been found to be more accepting of generalised feedback than actual, factual feedback

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18
Q

Stagner

A
  • 1958
  • Administered personality tests to managers and gave them 13 bogus statements about their personality, when asked to rate how strongly they agreed with the statements, almost all indicated that they believed them to some extent
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19
Q

Furnham

A
  • 1994
  • Undergraduates gave samples of their hair to an experimenter, a week later they were given a ‘trichological analysis’ (24 bland statements regarding their health which were completely bogus)
  • Most students thought they statements were very accurate
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20
Q

Schwartz

A
  • 1999
  • Respondents were asked to determine the cause of mass murder, when the heading of the paper was ‘Institute of Personality’ they cited more personality reasons and when it was ‘Institute of Social Science’ they cited more context-social reasons
  • Even small details can influence respondents answers
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21
Q

What is reliability?

A

How consistent the results are

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22
Q

What is interrater reliability?

A

Two raters score a behaviour independently, if their ratings agree then there is a high interrater reliability

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23
Q

What is split-half reliability?

A

Divide a questionnaire in half and compare the responses in each half, if there is strong agreement in each half then there is high split-half reliability

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24
Q

What is test-retest reliability?

A

Administering a test at one time and again some time later should yield the same results if the test is reliable

25
Q

What is Spearman’s two-factor theory?

A

An individual performance on a test of intellectual ability is based on 2 factors, the g factor and the s factor

26
Q

What is the g factor?

A

The general factor comprising of 3 qualitative principles of cognition….

  • Apprehension of experience
  • Eduction of relations
  • Eduction of correlates
27
Q

What does apprehension of experience mean?

A

People’s ability to perceive and understand what they experience

28
Q

What does eduction of relations mean?

A

People’s ability to draw out relationships between things

29
Q

What does eduction of correlates mean?

A

People’s ability to apply a rule inferred from one case to another

30
Q

What is the s factor?

A

The specific ability someone has for a particular test, eg. spatial reasoning ability

31
Q

What is factor analysis?

A

A statistical procedure which allows investigators to identify common factors among groups of tests

32
Q

What is fluid intelligence?

A

Performance on culture-free tasks such as seeing patterns in a repeating series of items (potential for people to learn)

33
Q

What is crystallised intelligence?

A

Performance on tasks which require people to have already acquired information (how they have used their fluid intelligence)

34
Q

What are the components of Sternberg’s triarchic theory of intelligence?

A
  • Componential intelligence
  • Contextual intelligence
  • Experiential intelligence
35
Q

What is componential intelligence?

A

Mental mechanisms people use to plan and execute tasks

36
Q

What is experiential intelligence?

A

The ability to deal effectively with novel situations and to solve automatically problems which have already been encountered

37
Q

What is contextual intelligence?

A

Behaviours which would have been subject to natural selection in our evolutionary history: adaptation, selection and shaping

38
Q

What is Gardner’s theory of intelligence based on?

A

Neuropsychology

39
Q

What are the types of intelligence in Gardner’s theory?

A
  • Linguistic intelligence
  • Musical intelligence
  • Logical/mathematical intelligence
  • Spatial intelligence
  • Bodily/kinesthetic intelligence
  • Two types of personal intelligence
40
Q

What type of intelligence did Goleman suggest?

A

Emotional intelligence

41
Q

Explain the evolutionary theory of sex differences in cognition…

A

As men used to be the hunters and women used to be the gatherers (and so stay at home) it is not surprising that men are spatially superior to women

42
Q

Explain the psychosocial theory of sex differences in cognition…

A

Children fulfil sex-role stereotypes where boys are encouraged to play with toys that involve visuospatial manipulation whereas girls are not

43
Q

Explain the biological theory of sex differences in cognition…

A

Men and women vary both in their brain anatomy and in their secretion of, or sensitivity to, some hormones such as testosterone

44
Q

Explain the cognitive theory of sex differences in cognition…

A

Women are thought to have a better empathy quotient and men are thought to have a better systemising quotient

45
Q

The Binet-Simon Scale

A

Measurement of a group of psychological abilities: imagery, attention, comprehension, imagination, judgements of visual space and memory for various stimuli

46
Q

The Stanford-Binet Scale

A
  • Consists of various tasks grouped according to mental age
  • Contained a formula for computing the intelligence quotient
  • mental age/chronological age * 100 = IQ
47
Q

Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale

A

A large collection of individual tests validated on 2450 individuals from 13 age groups

48
Q

The acceptable reliability of a modern test of intellectual ability should be at least _____

A

0.85

49
Q

What are descriptive statistics?

A

Mathematical procedures that enable us to summarise data

50
Q

What are inferential statistics?

A

Enable us to determine whether something is statistically significant

51
Q

A study in which individuals are exposed to all conditions in an experiment is called a __________ study

A

Repeated measures

52
Q

A researcher decides to divide her personality questionnaire into two sections to assess the degree of agreement between responses from each section. By undertaking this procedure the researcher is determining

A

Split-half reliability

53
Q

Spearman’s theory of intelligence proposed that

A

A person’s performance on an intelligence test is determined by two factors

54
Q

Gardner would likely suggest that a person who has excellent social skills is high in __________ intelligence

A

Interpersonal

55
Q

Modern intelligence testing originated in __________ with the work of __________

A

France; Binet

56
Q

Michael is 7 and has a mental age of 10. What is his ratio IQ?

A

143

57
Q

If a test really measures what it purports to measure, the test is said to be

A

Valid

58
Q

Spearman described the g factor as being made up of….

A

Qualitative principles of cognition

PSY101 (8 decks)

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