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Neuroscience > Memory > Flashcards

Memory Flashcards

1
Q

What is memory?

A

A group of mechanisms or processes by which experience shapes us, changing our brains and behaviours.

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2
Q

What happened to Henry Molaison?

A

Bicycle accident at age ten - epileptic fits - bilateral removal of medial temporal lobes (Including hippocampus)

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3
Q

What did HM experience as a result of his surgery?

A

He couldn’t lay down new memories and lost memories of his life from 16-27. He maintained a range of memory abilities, he could reason and solve problems, access knowledge acquired prior to his surgery, his working memory was in tact.

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4
Q

What causes amnesia?

A

Extensive damage to the medial temporal lobe, hippocampus included, the amygdala and neighbouring areas. It may also be damage to midline diencephalic regions.

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5
Q

What effect does unilateral damage to the hippocampus have?

A

Left - Memory selectivity impaired for verbal material

Right - Memory selectivity impaired for non verbal material.

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6
Q

Three different kinds of memory recall:

A
  1. Free - ‘tell me all the words on the list’
  2. Cued - ‘tell me all the words that started with P’
  3. Recognition - ‘was this word on the list?’
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7
Q

What are the two different kinds of amnesia?

A
  1. Anteretrograde - deficit in learning NEW info from AFTER onset.
  2. Retrograde - deficit in REMEMBERING info from BEFORE onset
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8
Q

What is damage is limited to the hippocampus and does not involve the neocortical regions?

A

Memory is intact for basic perceptual, linguistic and intellectual competencies that were present prior to amnesia.

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9
Q

Ribot’s Law

A

More recent memories are more likely to be compromised than remote memories.

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10
Q

What is the difference between episodic and semantic memory?

A

Episodic: refers to ‘I’ and recollections
Semantic: refers to objects recalled from memory

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11
Q

What is working memory?

A

The ability to hold a limited amount of info online over a short period of time while it is being actively processed.

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12
Q

How is skilled learning spared in amnesics?

A

They retain the ability to learn new skills and habits and can exhibit priming - this performance is aided by prior exposure to materials (repetition priming)

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13
Q

What is the difference between declarative and non-declarative memory?

A

Declarative: I recall this one time…

Non-declarative: non verbal skills

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14
Q

Describe long term potentiation

A

NMDA receptors are activated by high frequency inputs, creating a lower threshold for activation of cells from specific inputs (Less is needed to activate the memory)

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15
Q

What did HM teach us?

A
  • Creating vs Retrieving
  • Recent vs Old
  • Declarative vs Non-declarative
    (Animal studies back up these findings)
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16
Q

What are the four sub sections of non-declarative memory?

A
  1. Procedural memory
  2. Perceptual representation system
  3. Classical conditioning
  4. Nonassociative learning
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17
Q

What is procedural memory?

A

Habit learning, where repetitive conscious behaviour becomes automatic. Probabilistic learning. Basal Ganglia

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18
Q

What is perceptual memory?

A

The encoding of perceptual/sensory info - links between sensations. Neocortical areas.

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19
Q

What plays a role in classical conditioning?

A

Amygdala and cerebellum

20
Q

What is non associative learning?

A

The repeated exposure to a particular stimulus inhibits/excites reflexive systems.

21
Q

Why was short term memory discarded as a theory?

A

It believed that there were small bits of info stored for short periods of time, but this didn’t explain the behaviour and learning aspects of this shorter memory

22
Q

What is working term memory?

A

Its the ability to retain limited amounts of info for a short period of time while actively working on/manipulating that info

23
Q

Who developed the original WM model?

A

Baddeley & Hitch, 1974.

24
Q

What are the four components of WM?

A
  1. Phonological loop
  2. Visuo-spatial sketchpad
  3. Central executive
  4. Episodic buffer
25
Q

What is the phonological loop?

A

Online rehearsal of vocal and subvocal info - recalling strings of words, phone numbers, sentences etc. NB in following conversations

26
Q

What is the phonological loop capacity?

A

5-7 digits, which can be disrupted through concurrent use, such as listening to music etc.

27
Q

What is the visuo-spatical sketchpad?

A

The combining of locations with images - NB for spatial cognition. Limited capacity for 4 bits.

28
Q

What are the four main functions of the central executive?

A
  1. Focus attention
  2. Divide attention
  3. Switch between tasks
  4. Interface with long term memory.
29
Q

What does the central executive do?

A
  • Draws info from the LTM
  • Uses the VSS and PL to merge info into memory chunks
  • Stores chunks in the episodic buffer for further manipulation
30
Q

What neural systems are involved in WM?

A

Left tempoparietal area and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex

31
Q

What is consciousness, and how does WM make it happen?

A

It’s the continuous integration of info, basded on agentic attention and goals - working memory integrates visual, spatial and phonological info and directs, divides and switches attention in a continuous manner.

32
Q

What role do domain-specific neocortical regions play in memory?

A

Memories are stored, partially, in the same region that was originally involved in processing them. This is why when people damage one of these regions, not only can they no longer process info of that kind, they also cannot remember info that was once processed there.

33
Q

What role does the basal ganglia play?

A

It’s NB for procedural memory - habit learning. It makes associations between stimuli and responses

34
Q

Two theories of the basal ganglia involvement

A
  1. It’s NB for learning associations between particular stimuli and the response to which they lead
  2. Modulate performance by helping us select among different response alternatives based on stimulus input.
35
Q

What does the amygdala do?

A

It’s the interface between memory and emotion

36
Q

What are the 2 distinct roles of the amygdala?

A
  1. Mediates the learning and expression of emotional responses to stimulus whose emotional significance is associated, not automatic.
  2. Allows emotional experience to modulate certain aspects of long term memory.
37
Q

What does the Anterior Temporal region do?

A

Semantic memories that do not fit into a neocortical domain are stored in this region.

38
Q

What two brain regions are involved in encoding?

A
  1. Hippocampus

2. Prefrontal cortext

39
Q

What is the subsequent memory effect?

A

The more active the hippocampus is in the encoding of a memory, the better the memory will be remembered.

40
Q

What do the different parts of the prefrontal cortex do in encoding?

A

DLPFC: Holds multiple pieces of info together, which enhances their ability to bind and be stored in LTM
VLPFC: Active in both purposeful and passive encoding, determining with connections go together during storage.

41
Q

Consolidation Model

A

The hippocampus aids consolidation by slowly binding pieces together from different neocortical regions - once the connection is well established, recall can occur without the hippocampus

42
Q

Multiple Trace Theory

A

The hippocampus stores a pointer to the various distributions of a memory across the cortex, and is vital in the recollection of the memory - whenever the traces are activated, they get stronger, making older memories easier to recall

43
Q

What parts of the hippocampus are responsible for encoding and retrieval?

A

Encoding - anterior

Retrieving - posterior

44
Q

Dual Process Model

A

Recall and recognition are two different processes handled by different sections of the brain
Recall = LHS PFC
Recognition = RHS PFC

45
Q

How does damage to the left parietal cortex affect memory?

A

The detail and vividness of the memory is lessened, regardless of the nature of the memory

46
Q

Computational Perspective

A

The memory system is split into 2 processes:
- Generalizing across different experiences via general statistical learning (Where should I park my car?)
- Designed to store info rapidly and ensuring it does not overlap with other info
(Where did I park my car?)

Neuroscience (9 decks)

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