Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Neuroscience > How Neurons Communicate > Flashcards

How Neurons Communicate Flashcards

1
Q

How is information transferred within in the neuron?

A

Electrically

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

How is information transferred between neurons?

A

Chemically

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Define Resting Potential

A

The difference in electrical charge between the inside of the neuron and the outside.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What ions lie outside the the cell? What kind of charge do they have?

A

Potassium, positively charged.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What ions lie inside the cell? What kind of charge do they have?

A

Sodium, negatively charged

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

How do the ions move?

A

Through the Ion Channel, they move through the cell membrane with the concentration gradient through diffusion to try and reach equilibrium.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What does the sodium-potassium pump do?

A

It maintains resting potential. This means that the inside of the cell is more negatively charged than the outside, causing an overall electrical charge over the membrane.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What does input from other neurons do to the cell?

A

It causes an increase in ion concentration and electric charge - making it either more positive or more negative.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

At what point does the cell fire?

A

When the charge is lower than -55mV

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Action Potential:

A

Depolarization – electrical charge reaches peak (-55mV to + 40 mV)– repolarisation – the electrical charge retreats toward baseline resting state – hyperpolarisation – the voltage briefly becomes even more negative than the resting potential - the neuron returns to resting potential

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

The three properties of action potential:

A
  1. The action is self propagating
  2. The strength does not dissipate over space, it remains consistent.
  3. It’s an all-or-nothing response, it either fires or it doesn’t.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is the region of contact between two cells?

A

Synapse

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Explain the steps of contact between two neurons:

A

The Presynaptic neuron produces action potential in the Axon Hillock - this travels the length of the neuron to the Terminal Bouton (which contains Synaptic Vesticles, filled with neurotransmitters - here it is transferred to a chemical message - the action potential causes the vesticles to burst - the neurotransmitters pour into the Synaptic Cleft - it is transferred to the Postsynaptic neuron - the Dendritic tree of the postsynaptic neuron is configured to receive the neurotransmitters - it changes the chemical transfer back to an electrical one

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Excitatory Postsynaptic Potential

A

It makes the cell’s electrical charge a bit more positive – closer to the threshold at which the cell will fire

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Inhibitory Postsynaptic Potential

A

It makes the inside of the cell a bit more negative than the outside- cell farther away from threshold at which it will fire

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What determines the effect that neurotransmitters have?

A

The receptor type to which it bonds

17
Q

the 3 characteristics of Postsynaptic Potential

A
  1. It’s graded - it’s strength weakens across space
  2. It’s either excitatory or inhibitory
  3. It’s small in magniture (in comparison to activation potential_ at 0.5-5mV
18
Q

5 forms of clearing neurotransmitters from the synaptic cleft

A
  1. Reuptake
  2. Enzyme deactivation
  3. Glial cell take up
  4. Diffusion
  5. Autoreceptors
19
Q

What is reuptake?

A

The rapid removal of neurotransmitters back into the terminal bouton by special transporter molecules embedded in the presynaptic membrane.

20
Q

What is Enzyme Deactivation?

A

The enzyme separates the neurotransmitter molecules so that they cannot bind to the receptor.

21
Q

What neurotransmitter is most common in enzyme deactivation? What enzyme is used?

A

Acetylcholine. Acetylcholinesterase.

22
Q

What is glial cell up take?

A

The glial cells take up and destroy neurotransmitters

23
Q

What is diffusion, in the process of neurotransmitter clearing?

A

The neurotransmitter floats away, out of range for the receptors.

24
Q

What do autoreceptors do to clear neurotransmitters?

A

The autoreceptors are on the presynaptic neuron - they bind to the same neurotransmitters as released by the neuron. When the NT binds to an autoreceptor, it decreases the activity of the presynaptic neuron which prevents the cell from becoming overactive.

25
Q

2 major classes on neurotransmitters in the CNS

A

Amino Acids and systematically sorted NTs.

26
Q

2 Amino Acids and their effects

A

Glutamate - excitatory

Gamma-aminobutyric acid - inhibitory

27
Q

4 systemically sorted NT groud in the CNS

A
  1. Cholinergic (Acetylcholine)
  2. Dopaminergic (Dopamine)
  3. Noradrenergic (Noradrenaline/Norepinephrine)
  4. Seratonergic (Serotonine)
28
Q

The difference between Agonists and Antagonists

A

Agonists - mimic or facilitate the effect of an NT

Antagonist - oppose or diminish the effect of an NT

29
Q

Origin, projection and effects of the Cholinergic system

A

Origin: Basal forebrain
Projection site: Diffuse cortical regions
Effects: Overall cortical excitability, attention, memory

30
Q

3 Subsystems of the Dopaminergic system and it’s effects

A
  1. Nigrostriatal (motor activity)
  2. Mesolimbic (reward related behaviour)
  3. Mesocortical (working memory, planning)
    Effects: working memory, novelty seeking, attention, psychotic symptomatology
31
Q

Origin, projection and effects of the Noradrenergic system

A

Origin: Locus coerulus
Projection sites: Hypothalamus, Thalamus and Cortex
Effects: Feeding, sexual behaviour, attention, sleep, working memory

32
Q

Origin, projection and effects of the Serotonergic system

A

Origin: Dorsal raphe nucleus and Medial raphe nucleus
Projection sites: DRN - cortex, thalamus. MRN - limbic system
Effects: Sleep, mood, anxiety, sexual behaviour, eating, pain, aggression

33
Q

What is Myelin?

A

A fatty sheath around the axon

34
Q

What effect does a larger myelin sheath have on a neuron?

A

It makes the electrical signals travel much faster.

35
Q

What are Nodes of Ranvier and what do they do?

A

They are gaps between myelin sheaths and they keep the electrical signal constant in size.

36
Q

What is a Fibretract?

A

A group of cells sending axons to the same place, generally myelinated.

Neuroscience (9 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions