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AQA A Level Psychology: Memory and Approaches > Memory > Flashcards

Memory Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the definition of memory?

A

The process in which information is encoded, stored and retrieved

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2
Q

What kind of basis are memories thought to have?

A

A physical basis

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3
Q

When are memories not usually made before?

A

The age 2 and a half

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4
Q

What are the three types of memory?

A

Sensory, short term (working) and long term

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5
Q

What are some examples of sensory organs?

A

Eyes, ears, mouth

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6
Q

How long is the sensory memory?

A

Millisecond - 1 second

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7
Q

How long is the short term memory?

A

Less than 1 minute

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8
Q

How long is the long term memory?

A

After 5 minutes - infinity

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9
Q

What are the two types of long term memory?

A

Procedural and declarative

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10
Q

What is procedural memory?

A

Knowing how e.g. knowing how to ride a bike

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11
Q

What is declarative memory?

A

Knowing what e.g. facts and events

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12
Q

What are the two types of declarative memory?

A

Episodic and semantic

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13
Q

What is episodic memory?

A

Personal recollections

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14
Q

What is semantic memory?

A

General knowledge

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15
Q

What are episodic and semantic both?

A

Explicit (conscious)

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16
Q

What type is procedural memory?

A

Implicit (unconscious)

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17
Q

Where may the fact that memory is reconstructive be a problem?

A

In crime investigation

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18
Q

Who made the multi-store model of memory?

A

Atkinson and Shiffrin (‘68)

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19
Q

What is a model?

A

A representation of something to help us understand how something works

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20
Q

What are the two key models of memory?

A

The multi-store model (MSM) and the Working memory model (WMM)

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21
Q

Why was the WMM produced?

A

Due to problems with the MSM

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22
Q

What is encoding?

A

The way in which information is transferred into a form to be stored

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23
Q

What is duration?

A

How long a memory lasts

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24
Q

What is capacity?

A

How much can be held in that particular memory store

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25
Q

Where does environmental stimuli go to?

A

The sensory register

26
Q

What does the sensory register do?

A

Automatically responds to receiving information through the sense organs. It takes in the info and holds it in the same form

27
Q

What are the 5 forms of memory in the SR?

A

Iconic, echoic, gustatory, haptic and olfactory

28
Q

What is iconic memory?

A

Visual

29
Q

What is echoic memory?

A

Auditory

30
Q

What is gustatory memory?

A

Taste

31
Q

What is haptic memory?

A

Touch

32
Q

What is olfactory memory?

A

Smell

33
Q

What happens to info received by the SR that is payed attention to?

A

It is passed to the short term memory

34
Q

What happens to info received by the SR that is not payed attention to?

A

It will fade through trace decay, leaving no lasting impression

35
Q

If information is the sensory register is payed attention to, where does it go?

A

Short term memory

36
Q

How does information stay in the short term memory?

A

Maintenance rehearsal

37
Q

How does information go from the short term memory to long term memory?

A

Elaborate rehearsal

38
Q

What happens to information in the short term memory that is not elaborately rehearsed?

A

It decays (information retrieval)

39
Q

Is the sensory register conscious or unconscious?

A

Unconscious (not under cognitive control)

40
Q

What was Sperling’s experiment testing?

A

Iconic memory

41
Q

When was Sperling’s experiment?

A

1960

42
Q

What did Sperling do?

A

Presented a 3x4 grid of letters for less than a second and asked participants to recall the letters

43
Q

What type of explanation of memory is the multi store model?

A

A cognitive explanation

44
Q

What is coding?

A

The means by which information is represented in memory

45
Q

What is the sensory register?

A

A short duration store, holding impressions of information received by the senses

46
Q

In what way does information pass from store to store in the multistore model?

A

In a linear way

47
Q

What type of stores are STM and LTM?

A

Unitary

48
Q

What does the sensory register have a store for?

A

Each of the senses

49
Q

What is the capacity of the sensory register?

A

Very limited

50
Q

What is the capacity of the STM?

A

7 +/- 2 items

51
Q

What is the capacity of the LTM?

A

Virtually unlimited

52
Q

What is the duration of the sensory register?

A

Less than 1 second

53
Q

What is the duration of the STM?

A

30 seconds

54
Q

What is the duration of the LTM?

A

Virtually unlimited

55
Q

What is the encoding of the sensory register?

A

Iconic, Echoic or Haptic

56
Q

What is the encoding of the STM?

A

Mainly auditory and visual

57
Q

What is the encoding of the LTM?

A

Semantic

58
Q

What is the definition of the MSM?

A

An explanation of memory that sees information flowing through a series of storage systems

59
Q

What is the definition of STM?

A

A temporary store holding small amounts of information for brief periods

60
Q

What is the definition of LTM?

A

A permanent store holding limitless amounts of information for long periods

61
Q

What is bad about the research into SR?

A

Research has only really investigated capacity and duration of iconic memory. It is possible other senses have different capacity and duration
Duration of SR decreases with age

AQA A Level Psychology: Memory and Approaches (14 decks)

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