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Psychology > Memory > Flashcards

Memory Flashcards

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1
Q

Encoding

A

The process of converting information into a usable form so it can be represented and stored in memory.

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2
Q

Storage

A

The retention of information in memory over time.

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3
Q

Retrieval

A

The process of locating and recovering the stored information from memory so that we are consciously aware of it.

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4
Q

Atkinson-Shiffrin multi store model

A

Represents memory as consisting of three separate components called the sensory register, the short-term store and the long-term store.

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5
Q

Structural features

A

The permanent, built in fixed features of memory that do not vary from one situation to another.

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6
Q

Control processes

A

Selected and used by each individual and may vary in different situations.

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7
Q

Sensory memory

A

Entry point of memory where new incoming sensory information is stored for a very brief period.

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8
Q

Iconic memory

A

Describes visual sensory memory; that is, the brief sensory memory for incoming visual information.

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9
Q

Echoic memory

A

Describes auditory sensory memory; that is, the brief sensory memory for incoming auditory information.

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10
Q

Short term memory

A

A memory system with limited storage capacity in which information is stored for a relatively short time, unless renewed in someway.

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11
Q

Working memory

A

Emphasises the part of memory when information is temporarily held and actively ‘worked on’ as we undertake our every day tasks.

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12
Q

Rehearsal

A

The process of consciously manipulating information to keep it in short-term memory, to transfer it to long-term memory or to aid storage and retrieval.

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13
Q

Maintenance rehearsal

A

Involves repeating information being remembered over and over again so that it can be retained in short term memory.

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14
Q

Elaborative rehearsal

A

The process of linking new information in a meaningful way with other new information or information already stored in long-term memory to aid in its storage and retrieval from long-term memory.

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15
Q

Serial position effect

A

A finding that free recall is better for items at the end and beginning of the list rather than for items in the middle of the list.

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16
Q

Primacy effect

A

Describes superior recall of items at the beginning of the list.

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17
Q

Recent effect

A

Describes superior recall of items at the end of a list.

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18
Q

Chunking

A

The grouping, or packing, of separate bits of information into a larger single unit, or chunk, of information.

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19
Q

Baddeley and hitch’s model of working memory

A

Describes the structure and function of working memory in terms of three components called the phonological loop, the visuo-spatial sketchpad and the central executive.

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20
Q

Phonological loop

A

Temporarily stores a limited amount of verbal speech-like information for a brief time.

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21
Q

Visuo-spatial sketchpad

A

Temporarily stores a limited amount of visual and spatial information for a brief time.

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22
Q

Central executive

A

Controls attention; integrates information from the phonological loop and the visuo-spatial sketchpad, as well as information retrieved from long-term memory; and coordinates the flow of information between the working memory system and long-term memory.

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23
Q

Episodic buffer

A

A subsystem of working memory that enables the different components of working memory to interact with long-term memory.

24
Q

Craik and Lockhart’s levels of processing framework

A

Proposes that the level, or depth at which we process information during learning determines how well it is stored in long-term memory.

25
Q

Long term memory

A

The memory system that stores vast amounts of information for a very long time, possibly permanently.

26
Q

Procedural memory

A

The long-term memory of actions and skills that have been learned previously.

27
Q

Declarative memory

A

The long-term memory of specific facts and events, most of which can be stated or declared.

28
Q

Episodic memory

A

The declarative memory of personally experienced events.

29
Q

Semantic memory

A

The declarative memory of facts or knowledge about the world.

30
Q

Explicit memory

A

Occurs when information can be consciously or intentionally retrieved and stated.

31
Q

Implicit memory

A

Occurs when remembering something does not involve conscious or intentional retrieval but the memory can be expressed through actions or behaviour.

32
Q

Semantic network theory

A

Proposes that information in long-term memory is organised systematically in the form of overlapping networks of concepts that are interconnected and interrelated by meaningful links.

33
Q

Spreading activation

A

Proposes that activating one node during retrieval from a semantic network increases the likelihood that associated nodes become activated.

34
Q

Neuron

A

A nerve cell that is specialised to receive, process and/or transmit information to other cells within the body.

35
Q

Dendrites

A

The thin extensions of a neuron that receive information from other neurons and transmitted to the soma.

36
Q

Soma

A

The cell body: that integrates the new all information received from dendrites and sends it to the axon.

37
Q

Axon

A

A single, tube-like extension that carries information away from the soma towards other neurons.

38
Q

Synaptic gap

A

The tiny gap between two neurons.

39
Q

Synapse

A

The site where communication occurs between adjacent neurons.

40
Q

Neurotransmitter

A

A chemical substance produced by a neuron that carries a message to other neurons or cells in muscles and organs.

41
Q

Glutamate

A

The main excitatory neurotransmitter for information transmission throughout the brain.

42
Q

Dopamine

A

Has a number of roles including attention, initiation of voluntary movement, the experience of pleasure and reward based learning.

43
Q

Acetylcholine

A

Is also involved in learning, attention, sleeping, dreaming and motor control, and is found to be at an abnormally low level in the brains of people suffering from Alzheimer’s disease.

44
Q

Norepinephrine

A

Has a role in the encoding and retention of memories for emotionally significant experiences.

45
Q

Long term potentiation

A

Refers to the long-lasting strengthening of synaptic connections of neurons, resulting in the enhanced for more affective functioning of the neurons when ever they are activated.

46
Q

Hippocampus

A

A medial temporal lobe structure that is crucial for long-term memory formation.

47
Q

Amygdala

A

A small structure located next to and interconnected with the hippocampus in the medial temporal lobe.

48
Q

Consolidation theory

A

Proposes that structural changes occur in brain neurons when something new is being learned, and immediately after learning.

49
Q

Brain trauma

A

And umbrella term that refers to any brain damage that impairs, for interferes with the normal functioning of the brain, either temporarily or permanently.

50
Q

Neurodegenerative disease

A

A disorder characterised by the progressive decline in the structure, activity and function of brain tissue.

51
Q

Amnesia

A

Is used to refer to the loss of memory, either partial or complete, temporary or permanent.

52
Q

Anterograde amnesia

A

A loss of memory, caused by brain trauma, only for information or events experienced after the trauma occurs.

53
Q

Korsakoff’s syndrome

A

A neurodegenerative disease involving severe memory disorders associated with brain-damaged, particularly deep within the middle of the brain where the thalamus is located.

54
Q

Retrograde amnesia

A

Memory loss caused by brain trauma, for information or events experienced before the trauma occurs.

55
Q

Dementia

A

And umbrella term used to describe a variety of symptoms of a large group of neurodegenerative diseases and other disorders that cause a progressive decline in mental functioning, behaviour and the ability to perform everyday tasks.

56
Q

Alzheimer’s disease

A

The type of dementia characterised by the gradual widespread degeneration of brain neurons causing memory loss, a decline in cognitive and social skills, and personality changes.

57
Q

Memory

A

The processing, storage and retrieval of information acquired through learning.

Psychology (7 decks)

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